Toxicological Properties of Citrinin

Hetherington AC, Raistrick H. Studies on biochemistry of microorganisms. Part XIV. On the production and chemical constitution of a new yellow coloring matter, citrinin produced from glucose by Penicillium citrinumThom. Phil Trans Roy Soc London, Ser B 1931;220:269-96.10.1098/rstb.1931.0025Search in Google Scholar

Ciegler A, Vesonder RF, Jackson LK. Production and biological activity of patulin and citrinin from Penicillium expansum.Appl Environ Microbiol 1977;33:1004-6.10.1128/aem.33.4.1004-1006.1977Search in Google Scholar

Bragulat MR, Martínez E, Castellá G, Cabañes FJ. Ochratoxin A and citrinin producing species of the genus Penicillium from feedstuffs. Int J Food Microbiol 2008;126:43-8.10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.04.034Search in Google Scholar

Nelson TS, Kirby LK, Beasley JN, Johnson ZB, Ciegler A. The effect of drying method and storage time on citrinin activity in corn. Poult Sci 1985;64:464-8.10.3382/ps.0640464Search in Google Scholar

Scott PM, van Walbeek W, Kennedy B, Anyeti B. Mycotoxins (ochratoxin A, citrinin and sterigmatocystin) and toxigenic fungi in grains and other agricultural products. J Agric Food Chem 1972;20:1103-9.10.1021/jf60184a010Search in Google Scholar

Tanaka K, Sago Y, Zheng Y, Nakagawa H, Kushiro M. Mycotoxins in rice. Int J Food Microbiol 2007;119:59-66.10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.08.002Search in Google Scholar

Xu G, Lu C, Mu X, Chen J, Chen Y, Gu Y, Wu Y, Sheng F, Wu M. A study on the production of citrinin by Monascus spp. Arch Lebensmittelhyg 1999;50:88-91.Search in Google Scholar

Wong HC, Koehler PE. Production and isolation of an antibiotic from Monascus purpureus and its relationship to pigment production. J Food Sci 1981;46:589-92.10.1111/j.1365-2621.1981.tb04917.xSearch in Google Scholar

Blanc PJ, Laussac JP, Le Bars J, Le Bars P, Loret MO, Pareilleux A, Prome D, Prome JC, Santerre AL, Goma G. Characterization of monascidin A from Monascus as a citrinin. Int J Food Microbiol 1995;27:201-13.10.1016/0168-1605(94)00167-5Search in Google Scholar

Sabater-Vilar M, Maas RFM, Fink-Gremmels J. Mutagenicity of commercial Monascus fermentation products and the role of citrinin contamination. Mutat Res 1999;444:7-16.10.1016/S1383-5718(99)00095-9Search in Google Scholar

Kitabatake N, Ben Trivedi A, Doi E. Thermal decomposition and detoxification of citrinin under various moisture conditions. J Agric Food Chem 1991;39:2240-4.10.1021/jf00012a028Search in Google Scholar

Xu B-J, Jia X-Q, Gu L-J, Sung C-K. Review on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the mycotoxin citrinin. Food Control 2006;17:271-85.10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.10.012Search in Google Scholar

Shu PY, Lin CH. Simple and sensitive determination of citrinin in Monascus by GC-selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry. Anal Sci 2002;18:283-7.10.2116/analsci.18.283Search in Google Scholar

Krogh P, Hald B, Pedersen EJ. Occurrence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in cereals associated with mycotoxic porcine nephropathy. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B 1973;81:689-95.10.1111/j.1699-0463.1973.tb02261.xSearch in Google Scholar

Hökby F, Hult K, Gatenbeck S, Rutqvist H. Ochratoxin A and citrinin in 1976 crop of barley stored on farms in Sweden. Acta Agric Scand 1979;29:174-8.10.1080/00015127909435227Search in Google Scholar

Martinis ML, Gimeno A, Martinis HM, Bernardo F. Cooccurrence of patulin and citrinin in Portuguese apples with rotten spots. Food Addit Contam 2002;19:568-74.10.1080/02652030210121320Search in Google Scholar

Nishijima M. Survey for mycotoxins in commercial foods. Dev Food Sci 1984;7:172-81.Search in Google Scholar

Harwig J, Scott P, Stoltz DR, Blanch field BJ. Toxins of molds from decaying tomato fruit. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979;38:267-74.10.1128/aem.38.2.267-274.1979Search in Google Scholar

Janardhana GR, Raveesha KA, Shetty HS. Mycotoxin contamination of maize grains grown in Karnataka (India). Food Chem Toxicol 1999;37:863-8.10.1016/S0278-6915(99)00067-8Search in Google Scholar

Vella F, Kpodo K, Sorensen AK, Jakobsen M. The occurrence of mycotoxins in fermented maize products. Food Chem 1995;56:147-53.Search in Google Scholar

Gupta M, Sasmal D, Bandyopadhyay S, Bagchi G, Chatterjee T, Dey S. Hematological changes produced in mice by ochratoxin A and citirinin. Toxicology 1983; 26:55-62.10.1016/0300-483X(83)90056-2Search in Google Scholar

Petkova-Bocharova T, Castegnaro M, Michelon J, Maru V. Ochratoxin A and other mycotoxins in cereals from an area of Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumours in Bulgaria. In: Castegnaro M, Pleština R, Dirheimer G, Chernozemsky IN, Bartsch H, editors. Mycotoxins, endemic nephropaty and urinary tract tumours. Lyon: IARC; 1991. p. 83-7.10.1016/0277-5379(91)91350-RSearch in Google Scholar

Speijers GJA, Speijers MHM. Combined toxic effects of mycotoxins. Toxicol Lett 2004;153:91-8.10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.04.04615342085Search in Google Scholar

International Agency for Research of Cancer (IARC). Some naturally occurring and synthetic food components, furocumarins and ultraviolet radiation. IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. Vol. 40. Lyon: IARC; 1986. p. 67-82.Search in Google Scholar

Liu BH, Yu FY, Wu TS, Li SY, Su MC, Wang MC, Shih SM. Evaluation of genotoxic risk on oxidative DNA damage in mammalian cells exposed to mycotoxins, patulin and citrinin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003;191:255-63.10.1016/S0041-008X(03)00254-0Search in Google Scholar

Yu FY, Liao YC, Chang CH, Liu BH. Citrinin induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells via activation of the mitochondrial pathway. Toxicol Lett 2006;161:143-51.10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.08.009Search in Google Scholar

Šegvić Klarić M, Želježić D, Domijan A-M, Peraica M, Pepeljnjak S. Citotoxicity, genotoxicity and apoptosis induced by ochratoxin A and citrinin in porcine kidney PK15 cells: Effects of single and combined mycotoxins. Toxicol Lett 2007;172(Suppl. 1):S56.10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.05.170Search in Google Scholar

Bouslimi A, Bouaziz C, Ayed-Boussema I, Hassen W, Bacha H. Individual and combined effects of ochratoxin A and citrinin on viability and DNA fragmentation in cultured Vero cells and on chromosome aberrations in mice bone marrow cells. Toxicology 2008;251:1-7.10.1016/j.tox.2008.06.008Search in Google Scholar

Lorkowski G, Creppy EE, Beck G, Dirheimer G, Röschenthaler R. Inhibitory action of citrinin on cultured hepatoma cells. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1980;18:489-91.10.1016/0015-6264(80)90162-5Search in Google Scholar

Sakai F. An experimental study on the toxic effect, especially on the kidney of "yellowed rice" polluted by Penicillium citrinum Thom, as well as of citrinin, a pigment isolated from the mould. Folia Pharmacol Jpn 1955;51:431-42.10.1254/fpj.51.431Search in Google Scholar

Ambrose AM, DeEds F. Acute and subacute toxicity of pure citrinin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1945;59:289-91.10.3181/00379727-59-15060PSearch in Google Scholar

Reddy RV, Mayura K, Hayes AW, Berndt W. Embryocidal teratogenic and fetotoxic effects of citrinin in rats. Toxicology 1982;25:150-60.10.1016/0300-483X(82)90026-9Search in Google Scholar

Hanika C, Carltno WW, Tuite J. Citrinin mycotoxicosis in the rabbit. Food Chem Toxicol 1983;21:487-93.10.1016/0278-6915(83)90107-2Search in Google Scholar

Hanika C, Carlton WW, Boon GD, Tuite J. Citrinin mycotoxicosis in the rabbit: clinicopathological alterations. Food Chem Toxicol 1984;22:999-1008.10.1016/0278-6915(84)90150-9Search in Google Scholar

Mehdi NAQ, Carlton WW, Tuite J. Acute toxicity of citrinin in turkeys and ducklings. Avian Pathol 1983;12:221-33.10.1080/03079458308436165Search in Google Scholar

Friis P, Hasselager E, Krogh P. Isolation of citrinin and oxalic acid from Penicillium viridicatum Westling and their nephrotoxicity in rats and pigs. Acta Path Microbiol Scand 1969:77:559-60.10.1111/j.1699-0463.1969.tb04263.xSearch in Google Scholar

Ambrose AM, DeEds F. Some toxicological and pharmacological properties of citrinin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1946;88:173-86.Search in Google Scholar

Krogh P, Hasselager E, Friis P. Studies on fungal nephrotoxicity. II Isolation of 2 nephrotoxic compounds from Penicillium viridicatum West: Citrinin and oxalic acid. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1970;B78:401-13.10.1111/j.1699-0463.1970.tb04320.xSearch in Google Scholar

Gupta M, Sasmal D, Bandyopadhyay S, Bagchi G, Chatterjee T, Dey S. Hematological changes produced in mice by ochratoxin A and citrinin. Toxicology 1983;26:55-62.10.1016/0300-483X(83)90056-2Search in Google Scholar

Kanisawa M. Synergistic effect of citrinin on hepatorenal carcinogenesis of ochratoxin A in mice. Dev Food Sci 1984;7:245-54.Search in Google Scholar

Arai M, Hibino T. Tumorigenicity of citrinin in male F344 rats. Cancer Lett 1983;17:281-7.10.1016/0304-3835(83)90165-9Search in Google Scholar

Hood RD, Hayes AW, Scammell JG. Effects of prenatal administration of citrinin and viriditoxin to mice. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1976;14:175-8.10.1016/S0015-6264(76)80419-1Search in Google Scholar

Mayura K, Parker R, Berndt WO, Phillips TD. Effect of simultaneous prenatal exposure to ochratoxin A and citrinin in the rat. J Toxicol Environ Health 1984;13:553-61.10.1080/15287398409530520Search in Google Scholar

Jordan WH, Carlton WW, Sansing GA. Citrinin mycotoxicosis in the rat. II. Clinicopathological observations. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1978;16:441-7.10.1016/S0015-6264(78)80302-2Search in Google Scholar

Carlton WW, Sansing G, Szczech GM, Tuite J. Citrinin mycotoxicosis in beagle dogs. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1974;12:479-90.10.1016/0015-6264(74)90061-3Search in Google Scholar

Krejci ME, Bretz NS, Koechel DA. Citrinin produces acute adverse changes in renal function and ultrastructure in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs without concomitant reductions in [potassium] plasma. Toxicology 1996;106:167-77.10.1016/0300-483X(95)03183-GSearch in Google Scholar

Kumar M, Dwivedi P, Sharma AK, Singh ND, Patil RD. Ochratoxin A and citrinin nephrotoxicity in New Zealand White rabbits: and ultrastructural assessment. Mycopathologia 2007;163:21-30.10.1007/s11046-006-0079-9Search in Google Scholar

Da Lozzo EJ, Oliveira MB, Carnieri EG. Citrinin-induced mitochondrial permeability transition. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 1998;12:291-7.10.1002/(SICI)1099-0461(1998)12:5<291::AID-JBT5>3.0.CO;2-GSearch in Google Scholar

Carlton WW, Tuite J. Metabolites of P. virdicatum toxicology. In: Rodricks J, Hesseltine V, Mehlman M, editors. Mycotoxins in human and animal health. Park Forest South (IL): Pathotox Publishers Inc.; 1977. p. 525-41.Search in Google Scholar

Phillips RD, Berndt WO, Hayes AW. Distribution and excretion of [¹⁴C]citrinin in rats. Toxicology 1979;12:285-98.10.1016/0300-483X(79)90075-1Search in Google Scholar

Dunn BB, Stack ME, Park DL, Joshi A, Friedman L, King RL. Isolation and identification of dihydrocitrinone, a urinary metabolite of citrinin in rats. J Toxicol Environ Health 1983;12:283-9.10.1080/15287398309530426Search in Google Scholar

Berndt WO, Hayes AW. The effect of probenecid on citrinin-induced nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1982;64:118-24.10.1016/0041-008X(82)90329-5Search in Google Scholar

Berndt WO. Transport of citrinin by rat renal cortex. Arch Toxicol 1983:54:35-40.10.1007/BF00277813Search in Google Scholar

Ribeiro SMR, Chagas GM, Campello AP, Klüppel LW. Mechanism of citrinin-induced dysfunction of mitochondria. V. Effect on the homeostasis of the reactive oxygen species. Cell Biochem Funct 1997;15:203-9.10.1002/(SICI)1099-0844(199709)15:3<203::AID-CBF742>3.0.CO;2-JSearch in Google Scholar

Iwahashi H, Kitagawa E, Suzuki Y, Ueda Y, Ishizawa Y, Nobumasa H, Kuboki Y, Hosoda H, Iwahashi Y. Evaluation of toxicity of the mycotoxin citrinin using yeast ORF DNA microarray and Oligo DNA microarray. BMC Genomics 2007;8:95.10.1186/1471-2164-8-95Search in Google Scholar

El Golli E, Hassen W, Bouslimi A, Bouaziz C, Ladjimi MM, Bacha H. Induction of Hsp 70 in Vero cells in response to mycotoxins. Cytoprotection by sub-lethal heat shock and by vitamin E. Toxicol Lett 2006;166:122-30.10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.06.004Search in Google Scholar

Aleo MD, Wyatt RD, Schnellmann RG. The role of altered mitochondrial function in citrinin-induced toxicity to rat renal proximal tubule suspensions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1991;109:455-63.10.1016/0041-008X(91)90008-3Search in Google Scholar

Chagas GM, Wambier Klüppel ML, Campello AP, Buchi DF, Oliveira MBM. Alterations induced by citrinin in cultured kidney cells. Cell Struct Funct 1994;19:103-8.10.1247/csf.19.103Search in Google Scholar

Chagas GM, Oliveira MBM, Campello AP, Kluppel MLW. Mechanism of citrinin-induced dysfunction of mitochondria. IV. Effect on Ca²⁺ transport. Cell Biochem Funct 1995;13:53-9.10.1002/cbf.290130110Search in Google Scholar

Johannessen LN, Nilsen AM, Lovik M. Mycotoxin-induced depletion of intracellular glutathione and altered cytokine production in the human alveolar epithelial cell line A549. Toxicol Lett 2007;168:103-12.10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.11.002Search in Google Scholar

Knasmüller S, Cavin C, Chakraborty A, Darroudi F, Majer BJ, Huber WW, Ehrlich VA. Structurally related mycotoxins ochratoxin A, ochratoxin B, and citrinin differ in their genotoxic activities and in their mode of action in humanderived liver (HepG2) cells: implications for risk assessment. Nutr Cancer 2004;50:190-7.10.1207/s15327914nc5002_9Search in Google Scholar

Dömnez-Altuntas H, Dumlupinar G, Imamoglu N, Hamurcu Z, Liman BC. Effects of the mycotoxin citrinin on micronucleus formation in a cytokinesis-block genotoxicity assay in cultured human lymphocytes. J Appl Toxicol 2007;27:337-41.10.1002/jat.1209Search in Google Scholar

Pfeiffer E, Gross K, Metzler M. Aneuploidogenic and clastogenic potential of the mycotoxins citrinin and patulin. Carcinogenesis 1998;19:1313-8.10.1093/carcin/19.7.1313Search in Google Scholar

Thust R, Kneist S. Activity of citrinin metabolized by rat and human microsome fractions in clastogenicity and SCE assay on Chinese hamster V79-E cells. Mutat Res 1979;67:321-30.10.1016/0165-1218(79)90028-4Search in Google Scholar

Jeswal P. Citrinin-induced chromosomal abnormalities in the bone marrow cells of Mus musculus.Cytobios 1996;86:29-33.Search in Google Scholar