This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Remschmidt H, Walter R. What becomes of delinquent children?: results of the Marburg child delinquency study. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2010;107(27):477–83.RemschmidtHWalterRWhat becomes of delinquent children?: results of the Marburg child delinquency study2010107(27):4778310.3238/arztebl.2010.0477290893020661414Search in Google Scholar
Murray J, Farrington DP. Risk factors for conduct disorder and delinquency: key findings from longitudinal studies. Can J Psychiatry 2010; 55(10):633–42.MurrayJFarringtonDPRisk factors for conduct disorder and delinquency: key findings from longitudinal studies201055(10):6334210.1177/07067437100550100320964942Search in Google Scholar
Young S, Greer B, ChurchR.Juvenile delinquency, welfare, justice and therapeutic interventions: a global perspective. BJPsych Bull 2017; 41(1):21–9.YoungSGreerBChurchRJuvenile delinquency, welfare, justice and therapeutic interventions: a global perspective201741(1):21910.1192/pb.bp.115.052274528808928184313Search in Google Scholar
Coker KL, Smith PH, Westphal A, ZonanaH V.,McKee SA. Crime and psychiatric disorders among youth in the US population: an analysis of the national comorbidity survey–adolescent supplement. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 53(8):888–98.CokerKLSmithPHWestphalAZonanaH V.McKeeSACrime and psychiatric disorders among youth in the US population: an analysis of the national comorbidity survey–adolescent supplement201453(8):8889810.1016/j.jaac.2014.05.007413750425062596Search in Google Scholar
Bjorkenstam E, Bjorkenstam C, Vinnerljung B, Hallqvist J, LjungR.Juvenile delinquency, social background and suicide – a Swedish national cohort study of 992 881 young adults. Int J Epidemiol. 2011; 40(6):1585–92.BjorkenstamEBjorkenstamCVinnerljungBHallqvistJLjungRJuvenile delinquency, social background and suicide – a Swedish national cohort study of 992 881 young adults201140(6):15859210.1093/ije/dyr12722158668Search in Google Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2018 [cited 2018 Nov 22]. Available from:http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4519.0Australian Bureau of Statistics2018Available from:http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4519.0Search in Google Scholar
Youth Justice Statistics 2014/15.2016 [cited 2018 Nov 22]. Available from:https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/youth-justice-statisticsYouth Justice Statistics 2014/152016Available from:https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/youth-justice-statisticsSearch in Google Scholar
Elonheimo H. Evidence for the crime drop: survey findings from two Finnish cities between 1992 and 2013. J Scand Stud Criminol Crime Prev 2014; 15(2):209–17.ElonheimoHEvidence for the crime drop: survey findings from two Finnish cities between 1992 and 2013201415(2):2091710.1080/14043858.2014.939458Search in Google Scholar
Svensson R, Ring J. Trends in Self‐Reported youth crime and victimization in Sweden, 1995-2005. J Scand Stud Criminol Crime Prev 2007; 8(2):185–209.SvenssonRRingJTrends in Self‐Reported youth crime and victimization in Sweden, 1995-200520078(2):18520910.1080/14043850701517805Search in Google Scholar
Moffitt TE. The New Look of behavioral genetics in developmental psychopathology: gene-environment interplay in antisocial behaviors. Psychol Bull 2005; 131(4):533–54.MoffittTEThe New Look of behavioral genetics in developmental psychopathology: gene-environment interplay in antisocial behaviors2005131(4):5335410.1037/0033-2909.131.4.53316060801Search in Google Scholar
Koolhof R, Loeber R, Wei EH, Pardini D, D’escury AC. Inhibition deficits of serious delinquent boys of low intelligence. Crim Behav Ment Heal 2007; 17(5):274–92.KoolhofRLoeberRWeiEHPardiniDD’escuryACInhibition deficits of serious delinquent boys of low intelligence200717(5):2749210.1002/cbm.66118004732Search in Google Scholar
Sailas ES, Feodoroff B, Virkkunen M, Wahlbeck K. Mental disorders in prison populations aged 15-21: national register study of two cohorts in Finland. BMJ 2005; 330(7504):1364–5.SailasESFeodoroffBVirkkunenMWahlbeckKMental disorders in prison populations aged 15-21: national register study of two cohorts in Finland2005330(7504):1364510.1136/bmj.38415.633762.F755828615829486Search in Google Scholar
Robertson AA, Dill PL, Husain J, Undesser C. Prevalence of mental illness and substance abuse disorders among incarcerated juvenile offenders in Mississippi. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2004; 35(1):55–74.RobertsonAADillPLHusainJUndesserCPrevalence of mental illness and substance abuse disorders among incarcerated juvenile offenders in Mississippi200435(1):557410.1023/B:CHUD.0000039320.40382.91Search in Google Scholar
Mann EA, Reynolds AJ. Early Intervention and juvenile delinquency prevention: evidence from the Chicago longitudinal study. Soc Work Res 2006; 30(3):153–67.MannEA, Reynolds AJ. Early Intervention and juvenile delinquency prevention: evidence from the Chicago longitudinal study200630(3):1536710.1093/swr/30.3.153Search in Google Scholar
Mersky JP, Topitzes J, Reynolds AJ. Unsafe at any age: linking childhood and adolescent maltreatment to delinquency and crime. J Res Crime Delinq 2012; 49(2):295–318.MerskyJPTopitzesJReynoldsAJUnsafe at any age: linking childhood and adolescent maltreatment to delinquency and crime201249(2):29531810.1177/0022427811415284511587427867220Search in Google Scholar
Haynie DL, Osgood DW. Reconsidering peers and delinquency: how do peers matter? Soc Forces 2005; 84(2):1109–30.HaynieDLOsgoodDWReconsidering peers and delinquency: how do peers matter?200584(2):11093010.1353/sof.2006.0018Search in Google Scholar
Krieger N, Williams DR, Moss NE. Measuring social class in us public health research: concepts, methodologies, and guidelines. Annu Rev Public Health 1997; 18(1):341–78.KriegerNWilliamsDRMossNEMeasuring social class in us public health research: concepts, methodologies, and guidelines199718(1):3417810.1146/annurev.publhealth.18.1.3419143723Search in Google Scholar
Galobardes B, Shaw M, Lawlor DA, Lynch JW, Davey Smith G. Indicators of socioeconomic position (part 1).J Epidemiol Community Health 2006; 60(1):7–12.GalobardesBShawMLawlorDALynchJWDavey SmithGIndicators of socioeconomic position (part 1)200660(1):71210.1136/jech.2004.023531246554616361448Search in Google Scholar
Galobardes B, Shaw M, Lawlor DA, Lynch JW, Davey Smith G. Indicators of socioeconomic position (part 2).J Epidemiol Community Health 2006; 60(2):95–101.GalobardesBShawMLawlorDALynchJWDavey SmithGIndicators of socioeconomic position (part 2)200660(2):9510110.1136/jech.2004.028092256616016415256Search in Google Scholar
Sourander A, Elonheimo H, Niemelä S, NuutilaA-M,Helenius H, Sillanmäki L, et al. Childhood predictors of male criminality: a prospective population-based follow-up study from age 8 to late adolescence.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 45(5):578–86.SouranderAElonheimoHNiemeläSNuutilaA-MHeleniusHSillanmäkiLChildhood predictors of male criminality: a prospective population-based follow-up study from age 8 to late adolescence200645(5):5788610.1097/01.chi0000205699.58626.b516670652Search in Google Scholar
Isir AB, Tokdemir M, Küçüker H, Dulger HE. Role of family factors in adolescent delinquency in an Elazig/Turkey reformatory. J Forensic Sci 2007; 52(1):125–7.IsirABTokdemirMKüçükerHDulgerHERole of family factors in adolescent delinquency in an Elazig/Turkey reformatory200752(1):125710.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00313.x17209924Search in Google Scholar
Elonheimo H, Sourander A, Niemelä S, Nuutila A-M ,Helenius H, Sillanmäki L, et al. Psychosocial correlates of police-registered youth crime. A Finnish population-based study.Nord J Psychiatry 2009; 63(4):292–300.ElonheimoHSouranderANiemeläSNuutilaA-MHeleniusHSillanmäkiLPsychosocial correlates of police-registered youth crime. A Finnish population-based study200963(4):29230010.1080/0803948090272705819229735Search in Google Scholar
Goodnight JA, D’Onofrio BM, Cherlin AJ, Emery RE, Van Hulle CA, Lahey BB. Effects of Multiple maternal relationship transitions on offspring antisocial behavior in childhood and adolescence: a cousin-comparison analysis. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2013; 41(2):185–98.GoodnightJAD’OnofrioBMCherlinAJEmeryREVan HulleCALaheyBBEffects of Multiple maternal relationship transitions on offspring antisocial behavior in childhood and adolescence: a cousin-comparison analysis201341(2):1859810.1007/s10802-012-9667-y350526322829173Search in Google Scholar
Elonheimo H, Sourander A, NiemeläS, Helenius H. Generic and crime type specific correlates of youth crime: a Finnish population-based study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2011; 46(9):903–14.ElonheimoHSouranderANiemeläSHeleniusHGeneric and crime type specific correlates of youth crime: a Finnish population-based study201146(9):9031410.1007/s00127-010-0260-920714706Search in Google Scholar
Hay C, Fortson EN, Hollist DR, Altheimer I, Schaible LM. Compounded risk: the implications for delinquency of coming from a poor family that lives in a poor community. J Youth Adolesc 2007; 36(5):593–605.HayCFortsonENHollistDRAltheimerISchaibleLMCompounded risk: the implications for delinquency of coming from a poor family that lives in a poor community200736(5):59360510.1007/s10964-007-9175-5Search in Google Scholar
Paternoster R, Brame R. Multiple routes to delinquency? A test of developmental and general theories of crime.Criminology 1997; 35(1):49–84.PaternosterRBrameRMultiple routes to delinquency? A test of developmental and general theories of crime199735(1):498410.1111/j.1745-9125.1997.tb00870.xSearch in Google Scholar
Torikka A, Kaltiala-Heino R, Luukkaala T, RimpeläA.Trends in alcohol use among adolescents from 2000 to 2011: the role of socioeconomic status and depression.Alcohol Alcohol 2017; 52(1):95–103.TorikkaAKaltiala-HeinoRLuukkaalaTRimpeläATrends in alcohol use among adolescents from 2000 to 2011: the role of socioeconomic status and depression201752(1):9510310.1093/alcalc/agw04827507821Search in Google Scholar
Torikka A, Kaltiala-Heino R, Rimpelä A,Marttunen M, Luukkaala T, RimpeläM.Self-reported depression is increasing among socio-economically disadvantaged adolescents – repeated cross-sectional surveys from Finland from 2000 to 2011. BMC Public Health 2014; 14(1):408.TorikkaAKaltiala-HeinoRRimpeläAMarttunenMLuukkaalaTRimpeläMSelf-reported depression is increasing among socio-economically disadvantaged adolescents – repeated cross-sectional surveys from Finland from 2000 to 2011201414(1):40810.1186/1471-2458-14-408403115324775269Search in Google Scholar
Ahlborg M, Svedberg P, Nyholm M, Morgan A, Nygren JM. Socioeconomic inequalities in health among Swedish adolescents – adding the subjective perspective.BMC Public Health2017;17(1):838.AhlborgMSvedbergPNyholmMMorganANygrenJMSocioeconomic inequalities in health among Swedish adolescents – adding the subjective perspective201717(1):83810.1186/s12889-017-4863-x565398629061173Search in Google Scholar
Knaappila N, Marttunen M, Fröjd S, Lindberg N, Kaltiala-Heino R. Socioeconomic trends in school bullying among Finnish adolescents from 2000 to 2015. Child Abuse Negl 2018; 86:100–8.KnaappilaNMarttunenMFröjdSLindbergNKaltiala-HeinoRSocioeconomic trends in school bullying among Finnish adolescents from 2000 to 2015201886100810.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.01130273813Search in Google Scholar
Aizer A, Doyle J, Jr. Juvenile incarceration, human capital and future crime: evidence from randomly-assigned judges.National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER Working Paper No. 19102, Issued in June2013Available from:http://www.nber.org/papers/w19102AizerADoyleJJrJuvenile incarceration, human capital and future crime: evidence from randomly-assigned judgesNBER Working Paper No. 19102, Issued in June2013Available from:http://www.nber.org/papers/w1910210.3386/w19102Search in Google Scholar
Welty LJ, Hershfield JA, Abram KM, Han H, Byck GR, Teplin LA 1.Trajectories of substance use disorder in youth after detention: a 12-year longitudinal study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 56(2):140–8.WeltyLJHershfieldJAAbramKMHanHByckGRTeplinLA1Trajectories of substance use disorder in youth after detention: a 12-year longitudinal study201756(2):140810.1016/j.jaac.2016.10.018530846228117060Search in Google Scholar
Fazel S, Doll H, LångströmN.Mental disorders among adolescents in juvenile detention and correctional facilities: a systematic review and metaregression analysis of 25 surveys.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry2008;47(9):1010–9.FazelSDollHLångströmNMental disorders among adolescents in juvenile detention and correctional facilities: a systematic review and metaregression analysis of 25 surveys200847(9):1010910.1097/CHI.ObO13e31817eecf3Search in Google Scholar
Kohm SA. Spatial dimensions of fear in a high-crime community: fear of crime or fear of disorder?Can J Criminol Crim Justice2009;51(1):1–30.KohmSASpatial dimensions of fear in a high-crime community: fear of crime or fear of disorder?200951(1):13010.3138/cjccj.51.1.1Search in Google Scholar
HinkkanenV.Rikollisuuden kustannukset. Rikollisuustilanne 2012. Rikollisuus ja seuraamusjärjestelmä tilastojen valossa. Oikeuspoliittisen tutkimuslaitoksen tutkimuksia [The cost of crime. Crime situation and crime system in the light of statistics. Research by the Institute for Legal Studies, Finland]2013;264:421–30.HinkkanenVRikollisuuden kustannukset. Rikollisuustilanne 2012. Rikollisuus ja seuraamusjärjestelmä tilastojen valossa. Oikeuspoliittisen tutkimuslaitoksen tutkimuksia201326442130Search in Google Scholar
Junger-Tas J, TerlouwG-J,Klein MW. Delinquent behavior among young people in the western world: first results of the international self-report delinquency study.Kugler;1994.Junger-TasJTerlouwG-JKleinMWKugler1994Search in Google Scholar
Zhang S, Benson T, DengX.A test-retest reliability assessment of the international self-report delinquency instrument.J Crim Justice2000;28(4):283–95.ZhangSBensonTDengXA test-retest reliability assessment of the international self-report delinquency instrument200028(4):2839510.1016/S0047-2352(00)00045-3Search in Google Scholar
Savioja H, Helminen M, Fröjd S, Marttunen M, Kaltiala-HeinoR.Delinquency and sexual experiences across adolescence: does depression play a role?Eur J Contracept Reprod Heal Care2017;22(4):298–304.SaviojaHHelminenMFröjdSMarttunenMKaltiala-HeinoRDelinquency and sexual experiences across adolescence: does depression play a role?201722(4):29830410.1080/13625187.2017.1374361Search in Google Scholar
Bartlett R, Holditch-Davis D, BelyeaM.Clusters of problem behaviors in adolescents.Res Nurs Health2005;28(3):230–9.BartlettRHolditch-DavisDBelyeaMClusters of problem behaviors in adolescents200528(3):230910.1002/nur.20078Search in Google Scholar
Maughan B, Collishaw S, Meltzer H, GoodmanR.Recent trends in UK child and adolescent mental health.Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol2008;43(4):305–10.MaughanBCollishawSMeltzerHGoodmanRRecent trends in UK child and adolescent mental health200843(4):3051010.1007/s00127-008-0310-8Search in Google Scholar
Morgan PL, Li H, Cook M, Farkas G, Hillemeier MM, LinY.Which kindergarten children are at greatest risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity and conduct disorder symptomatology as adolescents?Sch Psychol Q2016;31(1):58–75.MorganPLLiHCookMFarkasGHillemeierMMLinYWhich kindergarten children are at greatest risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity and conduct disorder symptomatology as adolescents?201631(1):587510.1037/spq0000123Search in Google Scholar
Collishaw S, Goodman R, Pickles A, MaughanB.Modelling the contribution of changes in family life to time trends in adolescent conduct problems.Soc Sci Med2007;65(12):2576–87.CollishawSGoodmanRPicklesAMaughanBModelling the contribution of changes in family life to time trends in adolescent conduct problems200765(12):25768710.1016/j.socscimed.2007.06.010Search in Google Scholar
Harris-Mckoy DE. Examining parental control, parent-adolescent relationship, delinquency, and criminal behavior.2013[Dissertation]. Available from:http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:183746/datastream/PDF/viewHarris-MckoyDEExamining parental control, parent-adolescent relationship, delinquency, and criminal behavior2013Available from:http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:183746/datastream/PDF/viewSearch in Google Scholar
Kim Y, HagquistC.Trends in adolescent mental health during economic upturns and downturns: a multilevel analysis of Swedish data 1988-2008.J Epidemiol Community Health2018;72(2):101–8.KimYHagquistCTrends in adolescent mental health during economic upturns and downturns: a multilevel analysis of Swedish data 1988-2008201872(2):101810.1136/jech-2017-209784Search in Google Scholar
Baum A, Fleming R, Reddy DM. Unemployment stress: loss of control, reactance and learned helplessness.Soc Sci Med1986;22(5):509–16.BaumAFlemingRReddyDMUnemployment stress: loss of control, reactance and learned helplessness198622(5):5091610.1016/0277-9536(86)90016-XSearch in Google Scholar
Agnew R, Matthews SK, Bucher J, Welcher AN, KeyesC.Socioeconomic status, economic problems, and delinquency.Youth Soc2008;40(2):159–81AgnewRMatthewsSKBucherJWelcherANKeyesCSocioeconomic status, economic problems, and delinquency200840(2):1598110.1177/0044118X08318119Search in Google Scholar
Marmot MG. Understanding social inequalities in health.Perspect Biol Med2003;46(3x):S9–23.MarmotMGUnderstanding social inequalities in health200346(3x):S92310.1353/pbm.2003.0056Search in Google Scholar
Marmot M, Wilkinson RG. Social organization, stress, and health. In:Marmot M, WilkinsonRGSocial determinants of health.Oxford University Press;2005, pp.6–30.MarmotMWilkinsonRGSocial organization, stress, and healthIn:MarmotMWilkinsonRGOxford University Press2005pp.63010.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565895.003.02Search in Google Scholar
Grucza RA, Krueger RF, Agrawal A, Plunk AD, Krauss MJ, Bongu J, et al.Declines in prevalence of adolescent substance use disorders and delinquent behaviors in the USA: a unitary trend?Psychol Med2018;48(09):1494–503.GruczaRAKruegerRFAgrawalAPlunkADKraussMJBonguJDeclines in prevalence of adolescent substance use disorders and delinquent behaviors in the USA: a unitary trend?201848(09):149450310.1017/S0033291717002999Search in Google Scholar
Hartinger-Saunders RM, Rine CM, Wieczorek W, NochajskiT.Family level predictors of victimization and offending among young men: rethinking the role of parents in prevention and interventions models.Child Youth Serv Rev2012;34(12):2423–32.Hartinger-SaundersRMRineCMWieczorekWNochajskiTFamily level predictors of victimization and offending among young men: rethinking the role of parents in prevention and interventions models201234(12):24233210.1016/j.childyouth.2012.08.017Search in Google Scholar
KaufmanT ML, Kretschmer T, Huitsing G, VeenstraR.Why does a universal anti-bullying program not help all children? Explaining persistent victimization during an intervention.Prev Sci2018;19(6):822–32.KaufmanTMLKretschmerTHuitsingGVeenstraRWhy does a universal anti-bullying program not help all children? Explaining persistent victimization during an intervention201819(6):8223210.1007/s11121-018-0906-5Search in Google Scholar
Ferguson H, Bovaird S, MuellerM.The impact of poverty on educational outcomes for children.Paediatr Child Health2007;12(8):701–6.FergusonHBovairdSMuellerMThe impact of poverty on educational outcomes for children200712(8):701610.1093/pch/12.8.701Search in Google Scholar
Moss HB, Lynch KG, Hardie TL. Affiliation with deviant peers among children of substance dependent fathers from pre-adolescence into adolescence: associations with problem behaviors.Drug Alcohol Depend2003;71(2):117–25.MossHBLynchKGHardieTLAffiliation with deviant peers among children of substance dependent fathers from pre-adolescence into adolescence: associations with problem behaviors200371(2):1172510.1016/S0376-8716(03)00073-5Search in Google Scholar
Frederick CB, Snellman K, Putnam RD. Increasing socioeconomic disparities in adolescent obesity.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2014;111(4):1338–42.FrederickCBSnellmanKPutnamRDIncreasing socioeconomic disparities in adolescent obesity2014111(4):13384210.1073/pnas.1321355110391064424474757Search in Google Scholar
Matthiessen J, Stockmarr A, Biltoft-Jensen A, Fagt S, Zhang H, Groth MV. Trends in overweight and obesity in Danish children and adolescents: 2000-2008 – exploring changes according to parental education.Scand J Public Health2014;42(4):385–92.MatthiessenJStockmarrABiltoft-JensenAFagtSZhangHGrothMVTrends in overweight and obesity in Danish children and adolescents: 2000-2008 – exploring changes according to parental education201442(4):3859210.1177/140349481352035624516062Search in Google Scholar
Doku D, Koivusilta L, Rainio S, RimpeläA.Socioeconomic differences in smoking among Finnish adolescents from 1977 to 2007.J Adolesc Health2010;47(5):479–87.DokuDKoivusiltaLRainioSRimpeläASocioeconomic differences in smoking among Finnish adolescents from 1977 to 2007201047(5):4798710.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.03.01220970083Search in Google Scholar
Hagan J, WillisP.Learning to labor: How working class kids get working class jobs.Contemp Sociol1996;25(4):451.HaganJWillisPLearning to labor: How working class kids get working class jobs199625(4):45110.2307/2077050Search in Google Scholar
Rotko T, Aho T, Mustonen N, LinnanmäkiE.Bridging the Gap? Review into actions to reduce health inequalities in Finland 2007–2010.Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos (THL);2011;116p. Available from:http://www.julkari.fi/handle/10024/80012RotkoTAhoTMustonenNLinnanmäkiEBridging the Gap? Review into actions to reduce health inequalities in Finland 2007–20102011116p. Available from:http://www.julkari.fi/handle/10024/80012Search in Google Scholar
Karvonen S, Tokola K, RimpeläA.Well-being and academic achievement: differences between schools from 2002 to 2010 in the Helsinki metropolitan area.J Sch Health2018;88(11):821–9.KarvonenSTokolaKRimpeläAWell-being and academic achievement: differences between schools from 2002 to 2010 in the Helsinki metropolitan area201888(11):821910.1111/josh.12691622085030300928Search in Google Scholar
Robinson-Cimpian JP. Inaccurate estimation of disparities due to mischievous responders.Educ Res2014;43(4):171–85.Robinson-CimpianJPInaccurate estimation of disparities due to mischievous responders201443(4):1718510.3102/0013189X14534297Search in Google Scholar