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Ecological Characterisation of Native Isolates of Heterorhabditis indica from Viti Levu, Fiji Islands

Sumeet Kour

Sumeet Kour

School of Agricultural, Geography, Environment Ocean and Natural Science, The University of the South PacificFiji Islands, Fiji Islands
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Kour, Sumeet
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Uma Khurma

Uma Khurma

School of Agricultural, Geography, Environment Ocean and Natural Science, The University of the South PacificFiji Islands, Fiji Islands
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Khurma, Uma
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Gilianne Brodie

Gilianne Brodie

Institute of Applied Sciences, The University of the South PacificFiji Islands, Fiji Islands
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Brodie, Gilianne
  
28 oct. 2021
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Publié en ligne: 28 oct. 2021
Pages: 1 - 20
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-085
Mots clés
© 2021 Sumeet Kour et al., published by Sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Time till death in hours (mean ± SE) of host Galleria caused by H. indica isolates from Viti Levu.
Time till death in hours (mean ± SE) of host Galleria caused by H. indica isolates from Viti Levu.

Figure 2:

Proportional death (mean ± SE) of host Galleria caused by H. indica isolates from Viti Levu.
Proportional death (mean ± SE) of host Galleria caused by H. indica isolates from Viti Levu.

Figure 3:

Dense aggregate of H. indica IJ in aqueous suspension. Bar = 1 mm.
Dense aggregate of H. indica IJ in aqueous suspension. Bar = 1 mm.

Figure 4:

Mean percentage of IJ of isolate DUNT, VDTA and GALA that moved on agar-filled petri dishes toward G. mellonella host cues (treatment), or toward side of a dish that did not contain any host cues (control). The same lowercase letter above bars indicate no statistical differences among nematode isolates (P > 0.05); asterisks indicate significant differences between Treatment and Control dishes within each isolate (P < 0.05).
Mean percentage of IJ of isolate DUNT, VDTA and GALA that moved on agar-filled petri dishes toward G. mellonella host cues (treatment), or toward side of a dish that did not contain any host cues (control). The same lowercase letter above bars indicate no statistical differences among nematode isolates (P > 0.05); asterisks indicate significant differences between Treatment and Control dishes within each isolate (P < 0.05).

Figure 5:

Effect on depth of host in soil (mean ± SE) on penetration of IJ of isolate DUNT, VDTA and GALA in Galleria larvae. Individual larvae were placed at 0, 2, 5, and 10 cm depth in soil and soil surface was treated with 100 IJ. Same lowercase letter above bars indicate no statistical differences among nematode isolates (P > 0.05).
Effect on depth of host in soil (mean ± SE) on penetration of IJ of isolate DUNT, VDTA and GALA in Galleria larvae. Individual larvae were placed at 0, 2, 5, and 10 cm depth in soil and soil surface was treated with 100 IJ. Same lowercase letter above bars indicate no statistical differences among nematode isolates (P > 0.05).

Figure 6:

Pathogenicity of native isolates of H. indica at different temperatures. (A) Percentage mortality (Mean ± SE) of Galleria larvae when treated with IJ of isolat DUNT, VDTA and GALA at 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, and 40°C. No Galleria larval mortality was observed at 10°C and 40°C. (B) Time to death (Mean ± SE) of Galleria larvae when treated with IJ of isolate DUNT, VDTA and GALA at 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, and 40°C. (C) Number of IJ penetrated (Mean ± SE) into Galleria larvae when treated with IJ of isolate DUNT, VDTA and GALA at 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, and 35°C. Same lowercase letter above bars indicate no statistical differences among nematode isolates (P > 0.05).
Pathogenicity of native isolates of H. indica at different temperatures. (A) Percentage mortality (Mean ± SE) of Galleria larvae when treated with IJ of isolat DUNT, VDTA and GALA at 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, and 40°C. No Galleria larval mortality was observed at 10°C and 40°C. (B) Time to death (Mean ± SE) of Galleria larvae when treated with IJ of isolate DUNT, VDTA and GALA at 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, and 40°C. (C) Number of IJ penetrated (Mean ± SE) into Galleria larvae when treated with IJ of isolate DUNT, VDTA and GALA at 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, and 35°C. Same lowercase letter above bars indicate no statistical differences among nematode isolates (P > 0.05).

Figure 7:

Reproductive capacity of native isolates of H. indica at different temperature. (A) Time of first progeny emergence (mean ± SE) of IJ of isolate DUNT, VDTA and GALA at 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C from Galleria cadavers. No IJ emerged at 15°C and 35°C. (B) Total number (mean ± SE) of emerged IJ of native isolates DUNT, VDTA and GALA at 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C from Galleria cadavers. Same lowercase letter above bars indicate no statistical differences among nematode isolates (P > 0.05).
Reproductive capacity of native isolates of H. indica at different temperature. (A) Time of first progeny emergence (mean ± SE) of IJ of isolate DUNT, VDTA and GALA at 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C from Galleria cadavers. No IJ emerged at 15°C and 35°C. (B) Total number (mean ± SE) of emerged IJ of native isolates DUNT, VDTA and GALA at 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C from Galleria cadavers. Same lowercase letter above bars indicate no statistical differences among nematode isolates (P > 0.05).

Figure 8:

Mean percentage survival of IJ of isolates DUNT, VDTA and GALA following exposure at 40°C for 1, 2, 3, and 4 hr.
Mean percentage survival of IJ of isolates DUNT, VDTA and GALA following exposure at 40°C for 1, 2, 3, and 4 hr.

Figure 9:

Effect of soil moisture (mean ± SE) on penetration of IJ of isolate DUNT, VDTA and GALA in Galleria larvae at moisture level 5%, 8%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% (w/w). No IJ penetrated at moisture level 5%. Same lowercase letter above bars indicate no statistical differences among nematode isolates (P > 0.05).
Effect of soil moisture (mean ± SE) on penetration of IJ of isolate DUNT, VDTA and GALA in Galleria larvae at moisture level 5%, 8%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% (w/w). No IJ penetrated at moisture level 5%. Same lowercase letter above bars indicate no statistical differences among nematode isolates (P > 0.05).

Figure 10:

Percentage survival (Mean ± SE) of IJ of isolate DUNT, VDTA and GALA following exposure to 85% RH for 24 hr and 48 hr. Same lowercase letter above bars indicate no statistical differences among nematode isolates (P > 0.05).
Percentage survival (Mean ± SE) of IJ of isolate DUNT, VDTA and GALA following exposure to 85% RH for 24 hr and 48 hr. Same lowercase letter above bars indicate no statistical differences among nematode isolates (P > 0.05).

Figure 11:

Percentage survival (Mean ± SE) of IJ of isolate DUNT, VDTA and GALA following hypoxic conditions for 24 hr and 72 hr. Same lowercase letter above bars indicate no statistical differences among nematode isolates (P > 0.05).
Percentage survival (Mean ± SE) of IJ of isolate DUNT, VDTA and GALA following hypoxic conditions for 24 hr and 72 hr. Same lowercase letter above bars indicate no statistical differences among nematode isolates (P > 0.05).

Figure 12:

Survival capacity of isolates in storage stored at 5°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, and 25°C for 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. (A) Effect of storage temperature and duration on % survival of the IJ of isolate DUNT. (B) Effect of storage temperature and duration on % survival of the IJ of isolate VDTA. (C) Effect of storage temperature and duration on % survival of the IJ of isolate GALA.
Survival capacity of isolates in storage stored at 5°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, and 25°C for 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. (A) Effect of storage temperature and duration on % survival of the IJ of isolate DUNT. (B) Effect of storage temperature and duration on % survival of the IJ of isolate VDTA. (C) Effect of storage temperature and duration on % survival of the IJ of isolate GALA.

Qualitative comparison of ecological traits among native isolates of H_ indica DUNT, VUDT, AND GALA_

Isolate Reproductive capacity Heat tolerance Hypoxia tolerance Storage stability Total
Isolate DUNT -1 0 -1 -1 -3
Isolate VDTA 1 1 -1 -1 0
Isolate GALA 1 -1 1 1 2

LC50 of native isolates of H_ indica DUNT, VUDT AND GALA against last instar of G_ mellonella larvae at 48 hr after application_

% Mortalitya
Concentrations (IJ/larva)
Isolate 1 3 5 10 25 LC 50 (IJ/larva) 95% confidence interval
Isolate DUNT 15Aa 45Bb 75Cc 100Dd 100Dd 3.3 2.5-4.1
Isolate VDTA 10Aa 60Bb 85Cc 100Dd 100Dd 2.9 2.1-3.6
Isolate GALA 20Aa 55Bb 80Cc 100Dd 100Dd 2.8 2.1-3.6
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