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New reduced-risk agricultural nematicides - rationale and review

Johan Desaeger
Johan Desaeger
, 
Catherine Wram
Catherine Wram
 et 
Inga Zasada
Inga Zasada
   | 03 sept. 2020
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Publié en ligne: 03 sept. 2020
Pages: 1 - 16
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2020-091
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© 2020 Johan Desaeger et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Global use of crop protection chemicals (Kang et al., 2016).
Global use of crop protection chemicals (Kang et al., 2016).

Figure 2:

Typical process for discovery and development of new nematicides.
Typical process for discovery and development of new nematicides.

Summary of the literature evaluating new reduced-risk agricultural nematicides.

Experimental venue
Nematicide Nematode Laboratory Greenhouse Field Reference
Spirotetramat Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi Nursery plant Chalanska et al. (2017)
Heterodera avenae Wheat Smiley et al. (2011, 2012)
Meloidogyne incognita Lima bean Lima bean Jones et al. (2017)
M. incognita X Peach Shirley et al. (2019)
M. incognita Nursery plant Nursery plant Baidoo et al. (2017)
Meloidogyne spp. Multiple perennials McKenry et al. (2009)
Mesocriconema xenoplax X Peach Shirley et al. (2019)
M. xenoplax Multiple perennials McKenry et al. (2009)
Pratylenchus neglectus Wheat Smiley et al. (2012)
Pratylenchus penetrans Raspberry Zasada et al. (2010)
Pratylenchus vulnus Multiple perennials McKenry et al. (2011)
Rotylenchulus reniformis X Waisen (2015)
Tylenchulus semipenetrans Multiple perennials McKenry et al. (2009)
Xiphinema americanum Multiple perennials McKenry et al. (2009)
Xiphinema index Multiple perennials McKenry et al. (2009)
Fluopyram Belonolaimus longicaudatus Strawberry Watson and Desaeger (2019)
Heterodera glycines X Soybean Heiken (2017)
Meloidogyne hapla Strawberry Watson and Desaeger (2019)
M. incognita X Tomato Wram and Zasada (2019)
M. incognita X Tomato Faske and Hurd (2015)
M. incognita X Tomato Heiken (2017)
M. incognita Lima bean Lima bean Jones et al. (2017)
M. incognita Cucumber Hajihassani et al. (2019)
M. incognita Carrot Becker et al. (2019)
M. incognita Tomato Silva et al. (2019)
Meloidogyne javanica Tomato Desaeger and Watson (2019)
P. penetrans Strawberry Watson and Desaeger (2019)
R. reniformis x Tomato Faske and Hurd (2016)
Fluensulfone B. longicaudatus Strawberry Watson and Desaeger (2019)
B. longicaudatus Potato Grabau et al. (2019)
Globodera pallida Potato Norshie et al. (2016)
Longidorus vineacola Pepper Oka (2019)
M. hapla Strawberry Watson and Desaeger (2019)
M. incognita x Tomato Wram and Zasada (2019)
M. incognita Carrot Becker et al. (2019)
M. incognita Tomato Silva et al. (2019)
M. incognita Lima bean Lima bean Jones et al. (2017)
M. incognita Cucumber Hajihassani et al. (2019)
M. incognita Sweet Potato Ploeg et al. (2019)
M. incognita Cucumber Morris et al. (2016)
M. javanica Tomato Desaeger and Watson (2019)
Paratrichodorus sp. Potato Grabau et al. (2019)
P. penetrans Lettuce Oka (2019)
P. penetrans Strawberry Watson and Desaeger (2019)
P. thornei Chickpea Oka (2019)
Pratylenchus sp. Potato Grabau et al. (2019)
X. index Fig Oka (2019)
Fluazaindolizine B. longicaudatus Strawberry Watson and Desaeger (2019)
M. hapla Strawberry Watson and Desaeger (2019)
M. incognita x Tomato Wram and Zasada (2019)
M. incognita Tomato Silva et al. (2019)
M. incognita Carrot Becker et al. (2019)
M. incognita X Thoden and Wiles (2019)
M. incognita Cucumber Hajihassani et al. (2019)
M. javanica Tomato Desaeger and Watson (2019)
P. penetrans Strawberry Watson and Desaeger (2019)

Characteristics of new synthetic nematicides as compared to older products (fumigant and carbamate nematicides).

Chemical name Chemical structure Water solubility Soil 1/2 life Mode-of-action Signal words
Fumigant (1,3-D) Gas Short < 14 d unknown Danger
Carbamate (oxamyl) 240,000 ppm Short 7 d AChEa Danger
Fluensulfone 545 ppm Short 7-17 d Beta oxidation inhibitor Caution
Fluopyram 10 ppm Long > 200 d SDHIb Caution
Fluazaindolizine 2000 ppm Medium 30 d unknown TBD
Spirotetramat 30 ppm Short (< 1 d) ACCc inhibitor Warning
Tioxazafen 1.24 PPM Long (48-303 d) Disrupts ribosomal activity Caution

Products that have been used as nematicides throughout history.

Common namea First use (country) Product type/chemistry Mode-of-actionb Signal wordsc
Carbon disulfide 1869 (FR) Fumigant Multi-site Danger**
Chloropicrin 1920/1936 Fumigant Multi-site Danger
Methyl bromide 1932/1961 Fumigant Multi-site Danger*
Formaldehyde 1930 Fumigant Multi-site Danger**
DD 1943 Fumigant Multi-site Danger**
EDB 1945 Fumigant Multi-site Danger**
DBCP 1954 Fumigant Multi-site Danger**
1,3-D 1954 Fumigant Multi-site Danger
Metam sodium 1954 MIT generator Multi-site Danger
Fensulfothion 1957 Organophosphate AChE Danger**
Ethoprop 1963 (US) Organophosphate AChE Danger
Aldicarb 1965 (US) Carbamate AChE Danger*
Dazomet 1967 MIT generator Multi-site Danger
Carbofuran 1969 Carbamate AChE Danger*
Fenamiphos 1968 (DE) Organophosphate AChE Danger*
Oxamyl 1972 (US) Carbamate AChE Danger
Terbufos 1974 (US) Organophosphate AChE Danger*
Enzone 1978 Fumigant Multi-site Danger*
Cadusafos 1990? (US) Organophosphate AChE Danger*
Imicyafos 2010 (JPN) Organophosphate AChE Danger*
Fosthiazate 1992 (JPN) Organophosphate AChE Danger*
Ivermectin/Abamectin 1981 (JPN) Lactone GluCl Danger
Spirotetramat 2008 (US) Tetramic acid LBI Caution
DMDS 2010 (US) Fumigant Multi-site Danger*
Methyl iodide 2007 (US) Fumigant Multi-site Danger**
Allyl ITC 2013 (US) Fumigant Multi-site Danger
Tioxazafen (seed) 2017 (US) Oxadiazole Unknown Caution*
Fluensulfone 2014 (US) Thizaole Unknown Caution
Fluopyram 2010 (US), 2013 (HND) Benzamide SDHI Caution
Fluazaindolizine 2020? Carboxamide Unknown Caution

Characteristics of the ideal nematicide.

Grower perspective Regulator perspective
Intrinsic activity Broad-spectrum, controls all parasitic nematodes Selectivity (safe to non-target/beneficial organisms)
Soil behavior Good soil movement and long soil residual activity No leaching and low soil persistence
Plant behavior Systemic activity, low phytotoxicity No crop residues, no negative impact on produce quality
Application Flexibility, low rates Safe to handlers, low human toxicity
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