The genus
Routine nematological surveys in agricultural and natural ecosystems in Spain yielded three populations of
Nematodes were surveyed from 2017 to 2018 during the spring season in natural ecosystems and olive growing area in Andalucia, southern Spain (Table 1). Soil samples were collected for nematode analysis with a shovel from four to five cores randomly selected in each sampling site. Nematodes were extracted from a 500-cm3 sub-sample of soil by a modification of Cobb’s decanting and sieving method (Flegg, 1967). Specimens were killed and fixed with hot formalin (4% with 1% glycerol), and processed in glycerin (Seinhorst, 1959) as modified by De Grisse (1969). The measurements and light micrographs of nematodes were performed using a Zeiss III compound microscope.
Taxa sampled for
Species | Sampling code | Locality | Host-plant | D2 to D3 | ITS1 | CoxI |
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3. |
419b | Andujar, Jaén province, Spain | Wild olive | KX244886 | – | – |
AR108 | Villaviciosa, Córdoba province, Spain | Wild olive | – | – | KY816595 | |
4. |
CAN223 | Portugal | – | AY601625 | – | – |
5. |
M13 | Maragheh city, Iran | Wild rose | – | EU477385 | – |
6. |
–b | Bollullos par del Condado, Huelva province, Spain | Grapevine | GU725075 | GU725063 | – |
AR086 | Prado del Rey, Cádiz province, Spain | Wild olive | – | – | KY816590 | |
7. |
H001 | Hinojos, Huelva province, Spain | Stone pine | KC567169 | – | – |
LOMAS | Hinojos, Huelva province, Spain | Stone pine | – | – | KY816596 | |
8. |
CD947 | Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USA | Unknown | KF292276 | – | – |
CD852 | Point Reyes, Marin county, California, USA | Unknown | – | – | KF292305 | |
9. |
CNR1 | Brindisi province, Italy | Wild olive | KM199691 | – | – |
its1IAS | Brindisi province, Italy | Wild olive | – | KM199693 | – | |
itsLUC | Brindisi province, Italy | Wild olive | – | KM199694 | – | |
10. |
EU126 | San Jose, Cuba | – | AY601630 | – | – |
11. |
MOUB | Merza, Coruna, Spain | Pedunculate oak | KC567172 | – | – |
MOUCH | Merza, Pontevedra province, Spain | Chestnut | – | – | KY816598 | |
12. |
SZX1305 | Shenzhen, Guangdong province, China | Resam | KP793050 | – | – |
13. |
ST77 | Espiel, Córdoba province, Spain | Cultivated olive | KX244900 | – | KY816599 |
14. |
– | Gilan province, Iran | Ash | KF446655 | – | – |
15. |
AR83 | Penaflor, Sevilla province, Spain | Wild olive | KX244889 | KX244926 | – |
AR82 | Adamuz, Córdoba province, Spain | Wild olive | – | KX244927 | KY816601 | |
16. |
1,602 | Jekyll Island, Georgia, USA | Oak | KU680967 | – | – |
3,357 | Jekyll Island, Georgia, USA | Oak | – | – | KU764419 | |
17. |
AR16 | Sanlucar de Barrameda, Cádiz province, Spain | Wild olive | KX244901 | KX244933 | – |
J126-2 | El Puerto de Santa Maria, Cádiz, Spain | Stone pine | – | KC567159 | – | |
J0126 | El Puerto de Santa Maria, Cádiz, Spain | Grapevine | – | – | KY816602 | |
18. |
ST45 | Uleila del Campo, Almería province, Spain | Cultivated olive | KX244902 | – | – |
ST45V | Sorbas, Almería province, Spain | Cultivated olive | – | – | KY816603 | |
19. |
ACC61 | La Suiza de Turrialba, Cartago province, Costa Rica | Sugarcane | KX931059 | – | – |
ACC46 | Santa Rosa, Limon province, Costa Rica | Cocoa | – | – | KY816605 | |
20. |
GG10 | Glynn County, Georgia, USA | – | AY601631 | – | – |
21. |
AR92 | Alcolea, Córdoba province, Spain | Wild olive | KX244903 | – | – |
AR020 | Hinojos, Huelva province, Spain | Wild olive | – | – | KY816606 | |
22. |
OLI40 | Hersonisos province, Greece | Olive | KJ802879 | KJ802895 | – |
AR039 | Hersonisos province, Greece | Wild olive | – | – | KY816608 | |
23. |
– | Silnicna, Czech Republic | Hornbeam, Norway maple | EU781538 | – | EU781537 |
24. |
KOS | Klucovec, Slovakia | Unknown | JQ780367 | – | – |
AUS | Marchegg, Austria | Unknown | – | – | GU222423 | |
25. |
CD426 | Brisbane, Australia | Grasses | MF510431 | – | MF510426 |
26. |
H0059 | Almonte, Huelva province, Spain | Eucalyptus | KC567180 | – | KY816610 |
27. |
– | Alcalá de los Gazules, Cádiz Province, southern Spain | Unknown | GU549474 | – | – |
28. |
Xmar1 | Markazi province, Iran | Pomegranate | JQ240273 | – | – |
29. |
– | Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China | Bull Bay | MF538772 | – | MF706262 |
30. |
OLE18 | Agiofarago, Crete Island, Greece | Wild olive | KM586349 | – | KY816613 |
OLE17 | Agiofarago, Crete Island, Greece | Wild olive | – | KM586355 | – | |
OLE16 | Agiofarago, Crete Island, Greece | Wild olive | – | KM586354 | – | |
31. |
– | Andújar, Jaén province, Spain | Estepa blanca | GU725074 | GU725061 | – |
00419 | Andújar, Jaén province, Spain | Wild olive | – | – | KY816614 | |
32. |
AR004 | Medina Sidonia, Cádiz province, Spain | Wild olive | KX244906 | – | – |
Xhi426 | Bollullos par del Condado, Huelva province, Spain | Grapevine | – | HM921367 | – | |
H026b | Rociana par del Condado, Huelva province, Spain | Grapevine | – | – | KY816616 | |
33. |
CD2465 | Thailand | – | MF510432 | – | MF510427 |
34. |
AE90 | Kalutara province, Sri Lanka | Grasses | MH012181 | – | MH013396 |
35. |
XinTre | Trexenta, Cagliari province, Italy | Grapevine | HM921406 | – | HM921388 |
36. |
Ps | Kermanshah province, Iran | Unknown | KJ956388 | – | – |
37. |
CD1238 | Fresno County, California, USA | Grasses | MF510430 | – | MF510425 |
38. |
M46 | Maragheh city, Iran | wild rose | – | EU477386 | – |
39. |
OLI34 | Voutes province, Greece | Olive | KJ802886 | – | – |
OLI13 | Roufas province, Greece | Olive | – | KJ802896 | – | |
AR013 | Roufas province, Greece | Wild olive | – | – | KY816618 | |
40. |
AR91 | Puerto Real, Cádiz province, Spain | Wild olive | KX244912 | KX244937 | – |
XIP12 | Sbiba, Kasserine province, Tunisia | Cultivated olive | – | KX062698 | – | |
APUL | Bari, Bari province, Italy | Grapevine | – | – | KY816623 | |
41. |
JAO25 | Iznajar, Córdoba province, Spain | Cultivated olive | KX244892 | KX244928 | KY816624 |
KX244929 | ||||||
42. |
JH-2017 | Japan | Arhat pine | – | – | KY628214 |
43. |
CD1827 | Matapalo, Puntaneras province, Costa Rica | Rubber Plant | KX931063 | – | – |
ACC13 | Santa Gertrudis, Alajuela province, Costa Rica | Sugarcane | – | – | KY816626 | |
44. |
H050 | Hinojos, Huelva, Spain | Grapevine | KC567183 | – | – |
388GD | Bollullos par del Condado, Huelva, Spain | Grapevine | – | – | KY816630 | |
45. |
individual 70 | Adriatic Sea coast, Italy | Olive | HF546081 | – | – |
ITAL | Bridisi province, Italy | Cultivated olive | – | – | KY816631 | |
46. |
JAO6 | La Granjuela, Córdoba province, Spain | Cultivated olive | KU171041 | – | – |
AR097 | Santa Mª de Trassierra, Córdoba province, Spain | Wild olive | – | – | KY816632 | |
47. |
XMP11 | Sbitla, Kasserine province, Tunisia | Cultivated olive | KX062679 | – | – |
11R16 | Sbitla, Kasserine province, Tunisia | Common buckthorn | – | – | KY816635 | |
48. |
OC3C4 | Mengibar, Jaén province, Spain | Cultivated olive | KX244895 | – | – |
O3V05 | Mengibar, Jaén province, Spain | Cultivated olive | – | – | KY816634 | |
49. |
N1 | Fort Pierce, Florida, USA | Oak | DQ299515 | – | – |
50. |
JAO36 | Casarabonela, Malaga province, Spain | Wild olive | KX244913 | – | – |
RONDA | Ronda, Malaga province, Spain | Abete di Spagna | – | GU725059 | – | |
AR113 | Alcolea, Córdoba province, Spain | Wild olive | – | – | KY816640 | |
51. |
AR35 | Tarifa, Cádiz province, Spain | Wild olive | KU171038 | – | – |
52. |
– | Japan | Cape jasmine, Spindle | MG786445 | – | – |
53. |
17-82 | Tara Mountain, Serbia | Meadow | LT883658 | – | – |
54. |
AJ74 | San Carlos, Alajuela province, Costa Rica | Eucalyptus, Cypress and Fountain grass | MF461347 | – | – |
AP99 | San Carlos, Alajuela province, Costa Rica | – | – | MF461335 | ||
55. |
AR95 | Alcaracejos, Córdoba province, Spain | Wild olive | KX244915 | – | KY816643 |
56. |
PYRDJ | Cahors, Midi-Pyrenees, France | Grapevine | GU725073 | GU725060 | – |
57. |
V1273 | Chu’momray, Viet Nam | – | AY601622 | – | – |
58. |
TypPop | Goshayesh village, East Azarbaijan, Iran | Common buckthorn | MH744579 | – | – |
59. |
12R28 | Sbitla, Kasserine province, Tunisia | Cultivated olive | KX062683 | – | KY816647 |
60. |
CAN72 | Dakar, Senegal | – | AY601620 | – | – |
61. |
AC009 | Pueblo Nuevo de Duacarí, Limón, Costa Rica | Banana | KX931066 | – | KY816648 |
62. |
AR73 | Castillo de Locubín, Jaén province, Spain | Wild olive | KX244917 | – | – |
AR63 | Coto Ríos, Jaén province, Spain | Oak | – | GU725062 | – | |
AR063 | Coto Ríos, Jaén province, Spain | Wild olive | – | – | KY816649 | |
63. |
ACC81 | Sabanillas, San Jose province, Costa Rica | Coffeae | KY623491 | – | – |
ACC32 | Lagunilla, Guanacaste province, Costa Rica | Soursop | – | – | KY623501 | |
64. |
ST149 | Prado del Rey, Cádiz province, Spain | Cultivated olive | KX244919 | – | – |
ST149 | San José del Valle, Cádiz province, Spain | Wild olive | – | – | KY816650 | |
65. |
J212 | Sanlucar de Barrameda, Cádiz Province, Spain | Stone pine | KC567186 | – | – |
AR015 | Sanlucar de Barrameda, Cádiz Province, Spain | Wild olive | – | – | KY816651 | |
66. |
– | Slany, Czech Republic | Apple | EF614266 | – | EF614265 |
– | Rhein Valley, Germany | – | – | AJ437028 | – | |
population O | Romania | Grapevine | – | HG329722 | – | |
67. |
Yasooj | Zagros Mountains, Iran | Grass | JN153101 | – | – |
Note: aNewly sequences species in bold font; b(–) data not provided or sequence not used.
A comparative morphological and morphometrical study of type specimens of
For molecular analyses, in order to avoid mistakes in the case of mixed populations, two live nematodes from each sample were temporary mounted in a drop of 1M NaCl containing glass beads (to avoid nematode crushing/damaging specimens) to ensure specimens conformed to the unidentified populations of
D2 to D3 segments, partial ITS1 rRNA, and partial CoxI sequences of different
Phylogenetic analyses of the sequence data sets were based on Bayesian inference (BI) using MrBayes 3.1.2 (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck, 2003). The best-fit model of DNA evolution was obtained using JModelTest V.2.1.7 (Darriba et al., 2012) with the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The best-fit model, the base frequency, the proportion of invariable sites, the gamma distribution shape parameters, and substitution rates in the AIC were then given to MrBayes for the phylogenetic analyses. BI analyses were performed under the general time-reversible model with invariable sites and a gamma-shaped distribution (GTR + I + G) for the D2 to D3 segments of 28S, rRNA ITS1 and partial CoxI gene. These BI analyses were run separately per data set using four chains for 2 × 106 generations for all of molecular markers. The Markov chains were sampled at intervals of 100 generations. Two runs were conducted for each analysis. After discarding burn-in samples and evaluating convergence, the remaining samples were retained for further analyses. The topologies were used to generate a 50% majority rule consensus tree. Posterior probabilities (PP) are given on appropriate clades. Trees from all analyses were visualized using FigTree software V.1.42 (
Systematics
Comparative morphometrics of females and males of
Locality/host-plant | Arroyo Frío, Cazorla Jaén, Spain, Portuguese oak | Nava de San Pedro, Cazorla Jaén, Spain, pine | Paratypes, (Lamberti et al., 1993a) Gorizia, Italy, |
(Lamberti et al., 1993b) Trieste, Italy, |
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Characters/ratiosb | Females | J2 | J3 | J4 | Females | Male | Females | Males | Females | Male |
n | 20 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 1 |
Lb | 4,959.0 ± 253.7 (4,477.0–5,455.0) | 1,715.0 ± 83.9 (1,583.0–1,795.0) | 2,629.0 ± 271.4 (2,409.0–2,932.0) | 4,000.0 ± 300.7 (3,659.0–4,227.0) | 4,762.4 ± 322.4 (4,364.0–5,364.0) | 4,773.0 | 4.3 ± 0.19 (4.0–4.5) | 4.2 ± 0.21 (4.0–4.3) | 4.2 (4.1–4.5) | 4.5 |
a | 77.6 ± 5.4 (68.2–86.4) | 41.5 ± 4.0 (37.7–46.7) | 57.4 ± 2.7 (54.8–60.2) | 68.2 ± 1.4 (67.1–69.7) | 73.0 ± 3.9 (67.1–79.2) | 68.2 | 67.9 ± 2.2 (64.1–69.4) | 65.9 ± 0.8 (65.4–66.5) | 68.4 (61.0–78.1) | 78.8 |
b | 8.7 ± 0.6 (7.4–10.2) | 4.3 ± 0.4 (3.7–4.7) | 5.8 ± 0.5 (5.4–6.3) | 7.1 ± 0.1 (7.1–7.3) | 8.9 ± 0.8 (8.1–10.6) | 7.6 | 8.3 ± 0.5 (7.7–9.0) | 8.0 ± 0.4 (7.7–8.3) | 8.1 (7.3–9.3) | 9.1 |
c | 111.4 ± 8.4 (98.4–130.2) | 32.6 ± 1.5 (31.0–34.5) | 45.3 ± 4.4 (40.4–48.9) | 73.8 ± 3.4 (71.0–77.6) | 114.1 ± 7.7 (99.7–128.1) | 116.4 | 103.7 ± 8.5 (96.6–117.8) | 82.5 ± 4.9 (79.0–86.0) | 100.0 (86.0–108.2) | 103.4 |
c' | 1.0 ± 0.1 (0.8–1.1) | 1.8 ± 0.1 (1.7–2.0) | 1.9 ± 0.2 (1.8–2.1) | 1.3 ± 0.1 (1.2–1.4) | 1.0 ± 0.05 (0.9–1.0) | 0.9 | 0.9 ± 0.04 (0.9–1.0) | 1.0 ± 0.7 (1.0–1.1) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 1.0 |
V or T (%) | 53.8 ± 1.5 (51.5–57.0) | – | – | – | 53.7 ± 1.5 (52.0–57.5) | 36.7 | 44.5 ± 0.5 (44.0–45.0) | – | 44.0 (42.0–46.0) | – |
Odontostyle | 144.1 ± 4.2 (135.5–151.5) | 81.6 ± 3.8 (77.5–86.5) | 95.5 ± 3.5 (93.0–99.5) | 116.7 ± 5.5 (111.0–122.0) | 142.3 ± 6.6 (132.5–150.5) | 133.5 | 148.5 ± 4.9 (142.9–156.5) | 147.3 ± 1.2 (146.5–148.2) | 151.9 (140.0–156.5) | 132.3 |
Odontophore | 89.4 ± 2.7 (85.0–95.0) | 59.8 ± 2.0 (56.5–61.5) | 65.5 ± 2.6 (64.0–68.5) | 79.0 ± 2.6 (76.0–81.0) | 85.9 ± 4.5 (80.5–93.0) | 88.0 | 86.7 ± 2.3 (83.5–89.4) | 89.4 | 86.4 (69.4–92.9) | 74.7 |
Total stylet | 233.5 ± 6.4 (223.5–245.0) | 141.4 ± 4.9 (134.0–146.5) | 161.0 ± 6.1 (157.0–168.0) | 195.7 ± 7.8 (187.0–202.0) | 228.2 ± 8.7 (213.5–241.0) | 221.5 | – | – | – | – |
Replacement Odontostyle | – | 100.7 ± 3.1 (95.5–104.0) | 123.0 ± 0.9 (122.0–123.5) | 143.0 ± 5.7 (136.5–147.0) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Lip width | 15.4 ± 0.9 (14.0–17) | 10.4 ± 0.2 (10.0–10.5) | 11.8 ± 0.3 (11.5–12.0) | 13.8 ± 0.4 (13.5–14.0) | 15.9 ± 0.6 (14.5–16.5) | 15.5 | 15.0 ± 0.3 (14.7–15.3) | 15.0 | 14.0 | 13.5 |
Oa–guiding ring | 128.0 ± 6.8 (116.0–139.0) | 75.4 ± 2.4 (71.5–78.0) | 88.0 ± 8.9 (78.0–95.0) | 109.7 ± 15.5 (93.5–124.5) | 117.9 ± 7.4 (108.5–129.5) | 126.5 | 136.4 ± 6.1 (129.4–144.7) | 135.0 ± 7.1 (130.0–140.0) | 137.0 (117.1–145.9) | 123.5 |
Tail length | 45.3 ± 3.1 (40.5–50.0) | 52.6 ± 1.8 (50.5–54.5) | 58.2 ± 6.0 (51.5–63.0) | 54.2 ± 2.5 (51.5–56.5) | 41.8 ± 2.0 (38.5–44.5) | 41.0 | 41.4 ± 2.3 (38.2–43.5) | 50.0 | 42.6 (38.8–51.2) | 43.5 |
J | 16.0 ± 1.8 (13.0–19.5) | 16.2 ± 2.9 (12.5–20.5) | 17.3 ± 2.8 (15.5–20.5) | 18.0 ± 1.3 (16.5–19.0) | 17.3 ± 2.8 (13.5–23.5) | 5.0 | 13.4 ± 0.8 (12.9–14.7) | 14.4 ± 0.4 (14.1–14.7) | 16.3 (14.1–18.2) | 9.4 |
Spicules | – | – | – | – | – | 74.0 | – | 84.0 ± 2.1 (82.3–85.2) | – | 82.0 |
Lateral accessory piece | – | – | – | – | – | 21.0 | – | – | – | – |
Suppl. 1-anus | – | – | – | – | – | 24.5 | – | – | – | – |
Note: aMeasurements are in µm and in the form: mean ± standard deviation (range); ba = body length/maximum body width; b = body length/pharyngeal length; c = body length/tail length; c’ = tail length/body width at anus; V = (distance from anterior end to vulva/body length)×100; T = (distance from cloacal aperture to anterior end of testis/body length)×100; J = hyaline tail region length.
Light micrographs of
The description of female body of
Very rare, only one male specimen was found in both Spanish populations. It is morphologically similar to female except for the genital system. Male genital tract is diorchic with testes with multiple rows of spermatogonia. Spicules are moderately long, curved ventrally, and lateral guiding pieces 21.0 μm long. Tail is short and hemispherical with a peg 3.5 μm long. One pair is of adanal supplements and seven of mid-ventral supplements.
Three juvenile stages (J2, J3, and J4) were found and they were basically similar to adults, except for their smaller size, shorter tails, and sexual characteristics (Figs. 1, 2). The tails of juvenile stages become progressively wider after each moult. All of the stages are distinguishable by relative body lengths, functional, and replacement odontostyle (Robbins et al., 1996).
Relationship of body length to length of functional and replacement odontostyle (▴=Odontostyle and •=Replacement odontostyle); length in three developmental stages and mature females of
Light micrographs of
Spanish populations of
The two amphimictic populations of
Morphometrics of
Roca and Bravo (1993) Quinta do Rogelo, Silves, Faro, Portugal/broad-beans and peas | |||||||
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Characters/ratios | Females | Males | J2 | J3 | J4 | Females | Males |
n | 10 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 14 | 7 |
Lb | 4,600 ± 271.5 (4,250–5,023) | 4,618 ± 415.4 (4,091–4,977) | (1,689–1,773) | 2,292 ± 270.7 (2,068–2,704) | 3,101 ± 178.9 (2,864–3,318) | 4,300 ± 344 (3,700–4,600) | 4,300 ± 310 (3,900–4,800) |
a | 71.5 ± 4.9 (64.9–75.5) | 70.9 ± 6.7 (63.4–79.6) | (57.3–59.1) | 63.4 ± 3.5 (59.6–68.5) | 67.0 ± 6.3 (59.3–77.6) | 80.0 ± 5.3 (70.4–88.2) | 85.0 ± 6.5 (75.5–95.5) |
b | 9.8 ± 0.6 (8.8–10.9) | 10.9 ± 1.5 (9.1–12.3) | 4.5 | 6.9 ± 0.9 (6.1–7.8) | 7.4 ± 0.6 (6.4–8.1) | 9.5 ± 0.8 (7.8–10.7) | 9.0 ± 0.85 (7.5–10.0) |
c | 113.2 ± 8.2 (98.8–123.6) | 118.4 ± 9 (109–129.8) | (23.2–24.0) | 40.5 ± 5.5 (35.3–49.2) | 67.7 ± 4.3 (62.9–74.5) | 110.0 ± 12.16 (92.0–132.0) | 113.2 ± 9.73 (101.5–130.0) |
c' | 0.9 ± 0.07 (0.8–1.0) | 0.9 ± 0.08 (0.8–1.0) | (3.1–3.4) | 2.2 ± 0.2 (2.0–2.5) | 1.3 ± 0.1 (1.2–1.5) | 1.04 ± 0.07 (0.92–1.13) | 0.99 ± 0.07 (0.92–1.09) |
V or T (%) | 46.0 ± 2.8 (40.6–51.0) | 50.3 ± 5.6 (45.2–56.3) | – | – | – | 43.4 ± 1.28 (41.0–46.0) | – |
Odontostyle | 133.0 ± 2.5 (128.5–136.5) | 133.3 ± 5.5 (127.0–139.0) | (75.5–87.0) | 94.6 ± 3.8 (90.5–100.0) | 115.6 ± 2.8 (111.5–120.0) | 134.5 ± 3.71 (124.5–139.5) | 136.0 ± 3.88 (130.5–142.5) |
Replacement odontostyle | – | – | 100.0 | 116.1 ± 5.5 (109.5–124.0) | 136.6 ± 4.7 (129.0–142.0) | – | – |
Odontophore | 82.4 ± 4.6 (72.0–88.5) | 78.0 ± 3.9 (73.0–83.5) | (53.0–55.5) | 58.2 ± 3.5 (54.0–63.0) | 70.9 ± 3.1 (66.5–76.0) | 71.5 ± 1.39 (69.0–73.5) | 71.5 ± 2.67 (67.5–74.5) |
Lip region width | 14.6 ± 0.5 (14.0–15.5) | 14.7 ± 0.8 (13.5–15.5) | 10.0 | 11.5 ± 0.6 (10.5–12.0) | 12.6 ± 1.3 (10.5–14.0) | 15.0 ± 0.60 (14.0–16.0) | 15.0 ± 0.31 (14.5–15.5) |
Oral aperture-guiding ring | 122.5 ± 6.9 (111.5–135.0) | 117.9 ± 3.0 (113.0–120.5) | (65.0–73.0) | 81.5 ± 4.2 (76.5–86.0) | 98.2 ± 7.3 (84.0–106.0) | 116.5 ± 7.03 (97.5–127.5) | 121.5 ± 5.94 (115.5–130.5) |
Tail length | 40.8 ± 2.8 (36.5–44.0) | 39.0 ± 2.0 (36.5–42.0) | (70.5–76.5) | 57.0 ± 3.5 (51.5–59.5) | 46.5 ± 3.1 (43.0–52.0) | 39.0 ± 2.04 (34.0–41.0) | 38.5 ± 2.77 (35.4–43.0) |
Hyaline tail | 11.2 ± 1.5 (9.5–14.0) | 9.3 ± 1.4 (7.5–10.5) | 14.5 | 13.7 ± 3.4 (9.0–18.5) | 13.3 ± 0.8 (12.0–14.0) | 11.5 ± 1.8 (9.0–15.5) | 11.0 ± 1.59 (8.5–13.0) |
Spicules | – | 66.2 ± 3.1 (63.0–71.0) | – | – | – | – | 64.5 ± 3.02 (60.0–68.0) |
Lateral accessory piece | – | 18.0 ± 1.5 (16.5–19.5) | – | – | – | – | 15.5 ± 1.55 (13.5–18.0) |
Note: aMeasurements are in µm and in the form: mean ± standard deviation (range); ba = body length/maximum body width; b = body length/pharyngeal length; c = body length/tail length; c’ = tail length/body width at anus; V = (distance from anterior end to vulva/body length)×100; T = (distance from cloacal aperture to anterior end of testis/body length)×100; J = hyaline tail region length.
Light micrographs of
Relationship of body length to length of functional and replacement odontostyle (▴= Odontostyle and •= Replacement odontostyle); length in three developmental stages and mature females of
Light micrographs of
The female body of
Males are common but less frequent (50%) than female. They are morphologically similar to female except for the genital system; spicules are curved, lateral guiding pieces well sclerotized; tail is conoid with one pair of adanal supplements and five mid-ventral supplements (Table 3, Fig. 4).
Three juvenile stages (J2, J3, and J4) were found and they were basically similar to adults, except for their smaller size, shorter tails, and sexual characteristics (Table 3, Fig. 4). Tail becomes progressively wider and shorter after each moult.
The population was collected from the rhizosphere of cultivated olive (
The amphimictic population of
Amplification of D2 to D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA, ITS1 and the partial CoxI gene from
The closet species regarding D2 to D3 segments of
Phylogenetic relationships among
Phylogenetic relationships within the
Phylogenetic relationships within the
Phylogenetic relationships within the
This study aimed to provide and to characterize morphometrically and molecularly two
The use of different ribosomal and mitochondrial markers in this study, D2 to D3, ITS1, and partial CoxI, provides a precise and unequivocal tool for the identification of
In summary, this study highlighted the diagnosis of