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Swine manure application enriches the soil food web in corn and soybean production

Zane J. Grabau
Zane J. Grabau
, 
Yong Bao
Yong Bao
, 
Jeffrey A. Vetsch
Jeffrey A. Vetsch
 et 
Senyu Chen
Senyu Chen
   | 15 avr. 2019
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Article Category: Arts & Humanities
Publié en ligne: 15 avr. 2019
Pages: 1 - 14
Reçu: 17 août 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2019-014
© 2019 Zane J. Grabau et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Colonizer-persister group 1 bacterivores as affected fertilizer treatments by sampling date combined across SCN-conducive and suppressive sites. Fertilizer treatment means with different letters in the same season are significantly different according to Fischer’s protected least significance test at P < 0.05.
Colonizer-persister group 1 bacterivores as affected fertilizer treatments by sampling date combined across SCN-conducive and suppressive sites. Fertilizer treatment means with different letters in the same season are significantly different according to Fischer’s protected least significance test at P < 0.05.

Figure 2

Colonizer-persister group 2 bacterivores as affected by fertilizer treatments combined across SCN-conducive and suppressive sites. Fertilizer treatment means with different letters in the same season are significantly different according to Fischer’s protected least significance test at P < 0.05.
Colonizer-persister group 2 bacterivores as affected by fertilizer treatments combined across SCN-conducive and suppressive sites. Fertilizer treatment means with different letters in the same season are significantly different according to Fischer’s protected least significance test at P < 0.05.

Effects of crop sequence and fertilizer on Shannon–Weaver Diversity Index by sampling date combined across SCN-conducive and suppressive sites.a

2009 2010
Vi b V45d Vm Vf Vi Vm Vf
Crop sequence c
Corn-Sus 1.97 1.64 1.65 1.84 2.00 2.07 2.11
Res-Sus 1.99 1.71 1.72 1.91 1.96 2.00 2.03
Sus-Sus 2.00 1.61 1.69 1.95 1.89 2.05 2.14
Fertilizer
None 1.98 1.82 a 1.86 a 1.90 1.93 b 2.04 b 2.05
Manure 1.99 1.25 b 1.34 b 1.87 1.88 b 1.97 b 2.09
PK 1.99 1.89 a 1.86 a 1.92 2.03 a 2.11 a 2.14
ANOVA (F-value)
Crop (C) 0.17 0.62 0.22 2.95 2.22 1.14 0.99
Site (S) × C 0.46 0.73 0.09 0.05 2.00 2.01 0.00
Fertilizer (F) 0.09 33.91 ** 36.37 ** 0.77 7.88 ** 7.07 ** 1.95
S × F 1.66 5.27 ** 6.95 ** 2.67 1.52 4.16 * 1.91
F × C 0.09 1.88 2.78 * 1.57 3.52 * 1.28 0.77
S × F × C 0.64 0.11 0.60 1.21 1.43 1.26 0.27

Effects of crop sequence and fertilizer on Channel Index by sampling date combined across SCN-conducive and suppressive sites.a

2009 2010
Vi b V45d Vm Vf Vi Vm Vf
Crop sequence c
Corn-Sus 59 21 21 29 19 20 A 14
Res-Sus 49 18 20 27 13 10 B 12
Sus-Sus 54 18 21 24 13 11 B 11
Fertilizer
None 59 25 a 28 a 29 b 18 a 14 13 ab
Manure 54 5 b 6 b 13 c 10 b 12 10 b
PK 50 27 a 27 a 38 a 16 a 16 15 a
ANOVA (F-value)
Crop (C) 2.59 0.44 0.02 0.57 2.36 5.41 * 0.72
Site (S) × C 0.84 0.02 0.04 2.42 0.17 0.52 0.28
Fertilizer (F) 2.33 28.51 ** 32.27 ** 29.96 ** 13.63 ** 1.46 4.20 *
S × F 2.14 1.25 3.21 * 7.63 ** 0.08 0.00 0.48
F × C 2.79 * 2.19 0.44 0.31 2.35 0.30 0.22
S × F × C 1.53 1.26 0.46 1.30 0.37 0.49 0.38

Effects of crop sequence and fertilizer on Enrichment Index by sampling date combined across SCN-conducive and suppressive sites.a

2009 2010
Vi b V45d Vm Vf Vi Vm Vf
Crop sequence c
Corn-Sus 40 B 75 75 67 74 77 82
Res-Sus 45 A 75 77 65 77 84 82
Sus-Sus 39 B 75 75 66 75 81 81
Fertilizer
None 40 69 b 75 b 62 b 72 b 80 b 81 b
Manure 41 91 a 95 a 79 a 81 a 84 a 85 a
PK 43 64 b 72 b 56 c 74 b 78 b 79 b
ANOVA (F-value)
Crop (C) 5.45 * 0.02 0.09 0.13 0.51 3.48 0.58
Site (S) × C 0.29 0.24 0.08 2.44 0.50 0.28 0.17
Fertilizer (F) 1.20 56.47 ** 60.59 ** 32.64 ** 8.66 ** 5.64 ** 4.80 *
S × F 3.38 * 1.24 0.49 0.74 0.01 0.53 1.32
F × C 1.70 2.37 2.67 * 1.44 0.97 0.31 0.64
S × F × C 1.61 0.88 2.24 2.16 0.94 0.85 0.23

Effects of crop sequence and fertilizer on herbivore abundances by sampling date combined across SCN-conducive and suppressive sites.a

2009 2010
Pi b P45d Pm Pf Pi Pm Pf
Crop sequence c
Corn-Sus 1,173 1,050 274 B 520 580 B 737 1,256 A
Res-Sus 1,203 1,225 280 B 470 510 B 668 850 B
Sus-Sus 1,186 1,265 361 A 604 783 A 710 728 B
Fertilizer
None 1,193 ab 1,180 a 306 623 614 770 1,128 a
Manure 1,024 b 958 b 299 478 628 655 848 b
PK 1,345 ab 1,401 a 309 493 632 690 859 b
ANOVA (F-value)
Crop (C) 0.36 0.95 4.54 * 2.74 10.98 ** 0.08 8.05 **
Site (S) × C 1.18 0.18 0.37 1.31 5.65 * 0.11 0.54
Fertilizer (F) 3.87 * 9.02 ** 0.16 1.68 0.05 0.29 3.39 *
S × F 2.83 5.44 ** 1.18 0.11 2.37 0.10 0.64
F × C 0.45 0.75 4.23 ** 0.93 0.51 1.40 0.72
S × F × C 0.87 0.34 0.31 1.11 0.58 0.39 0.07

Effects of crop sequence and fertilizer on FBPP (fungivores plus bacterivores divided by herbivores) by sampling date combined across SCN-conducive and suppressive sites.a

2009 2010
Vi b V45d Vm Vf Vi Vm Vf
Crop sequence c
Corn-Sus 1.8 6.6 5.1 A 1.3 B 1.6 B 1.7 A 1.3 B
Res-Sus 1.6 3.7 3.9 AB 2.9 A 2.6 A 1.8 A 1.8 A
Sus-Sus 1.6 9.7 2.7 B 1.3 B 1.2 B 1.4 B 1.8 A
Fertilizer
None 1.8 2.6 b 2.4 b 1.5 b 1.5 b 1.5 1.4 b
Manure 1.8 15.2 a 7.2 a 2.3 a 2.4 a 1.9 1.9 a
PK 1.5 2.1 b 2.2 b 1.7 ab 1.5 b 1.5 1.6 ab
ANOVA (F-value)
Crop (C) 0.81 1.17 7.77 ** 11.53 ** 10.73 ** 3.79 * 4.40 *
Site (S) × C 0.91 1.06 4.58 * 3.62 1.36 0.14 0.90
Fertilizer (F) 2.04 7.28 ** 32.70 ** 3.39 * 15.66 ** 2.83 5.05 *
S × F 0.46 4.53 * 9.71 ** 0.30 2.51 1.80 1.60
F × C 0.28 1.51 1.86 0.83 1.82 0.63 0.78
S × F × C 0.22 1.28 1.15 0.86 0.51 0.59 0.75

Effects of crop sequence and fertilizer on fungivore abundances by sampling date combined across SCN-conducive and suppressive sites.a

2009 2010
Pi b P45d Pm Pf Pi Pm Pf
Crop sequence c
Corn-Sus 582 904 168 143 B 208 371 A 349 A
Res-Sus 513 653 145 286 A 238 241 B 285 AB
Sus-Sus 503 665 126 197 AB 188 207 B 245 B
Fertilizer
None 553 782 151 ab 210 199 252 293
Manure 513 611 163 a 190 237 303 291
PK 531 829 125 b 226 199 265 293
ANOVA (F-value)
Crop (C) 1.06 1.87 2.68 3.85 * 2.61 6.21 * 8.43 **
Site (S) × C 2.07 0.96 0.72 0.32 3.59 0.33 0.20
Fertilizer (F) 0.59 2.10 3.78 * 0.05 2.24 0.21 0.68
S × F 1.14 2.04 0.01 1.05 2.64 1.83 2.66
F × C 2.31 0.25 0.88 1.39 2.47 1.81 1.33
S × F × C 1.87 0.64 0.69 0.32 1.44 1.29 1.22

Effects of crop sequence and fertilizer on bacterivore abundances by sampling date combined across SCN-conducive and suppressive sites.a

2009 2010
Pi b P45d Pm Pf Pi Pm Pf
Crop sequence c
Corn-Sus 1,077 3,056 601 309 C 545 B 743 962
Res-Sus 1,020 2,923 523 732 A 830 A 846 968
Sus-Sus 1,125 3,500 628 525 B 715 AB 698 888
Fertilizer
None 1,070 1,879 b 316 b 453 b 560 b 700 b 916
Manure 1,057 5,716 a 1,198 a 690 a 931 a 887 a 1,053
PK 1,095 1,883 b 237 b 424 b 599 b 700 b 849
ANOVA (F-value)
Crop (C) 0.30 0.11 0.49 24.39 ** 4.83 * 0.70 0.33
Site (S) × C 0.38 0.62 0.72 0.30 2.53 0.31 0.68
Fertilizer (F) 0.34 28.23 ** 70.73 ** 13.08 ** 24.70 ** 3.72 * 2.32
S × F 1.92 0.85 0.15 0.30 1.01 1.48 0.17
F × C 0.64 1.42 2.34 2.44 2.55 0.35 1.52
S × F × C 3.62 * 0.52 0.47 0.52 1.06 0.84 0.35
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