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Agricultural intensification and urbanization negatively impact soil nematode richness and abundance: a meta-analysis

Satyendra K. Pothula
Satyendra K. Pothula
, 
Parwinder S. Grewal
Parwinder S. Grewal
, 
Robert M. Auge
Robert M. Auge
, 
Arnold M. Saxton
Arnold M. Saxton
 et 
Ernest C. Bernard
Ernest C. Bernard
   | 26 avr. 2019
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Article Category: Arts & Humanities
Publié en ligne: 26 avr. 2019
Pages: 1 - 17
Reçu: 05 févr. 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2019-011
© 2019 Satyendra K. Pothula et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode richness. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing overall richness of nematodes per 100 g of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels.
Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode richness. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing overall richness of nematodes per 100 g of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels.

Figure 2

Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode richness. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing overall richness of nematodes per 100 cm3 of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels.
Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode richness. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing overall richness of nematodes per 100 cm3 of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels.

Figure 3

Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode richness of each c-p guild. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing richness of nematodes at c-p guilds 1 to 5 per 100 g of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels. The inset in c-p 1 and c-p 5 forest plots is the enlarged view of the respective forest plots.
Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode richness of each c-p guild. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing richness of nematodes at c-p guilds 1 to 5 per 100 g of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels. The inset in c-p 1 and c-p 5 forest plots is the enlarged view of the respective forest plots.

Figure 4

Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode richness of each c-p guild. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing richness of nematodes at c-p guilds 1 to 5 per 100 cm3 of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels. The inset in c-p 5 forest plot is the enlarged view of the respective forest plot.
Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode richness of each c-p guild. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing richness of nematodes at c-p guilds 1 to 5 per 100 cm3 of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels. The inset in c-p 5 forest plot is the enlarged view of the respective forest plot.

Figure 5

Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode richness of each trophic group. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing richness of nematodes of each trophic group per 100 g of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels. The inset in fungivores and predators forest plots is the enlarged view of the respective forest plots.
Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode richness of each trophic group. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing richness of nematodes of each trophic group per 100 g of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels. The inset in fungivores and predators forest plots is the enlarged view of the respective forest plots.

Figure 6

Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode richness of each trophic group. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing richness of nematodes of each trophic group per 100 cm3 of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels. The inset in predators and omnivores forest plots is the enlarged view of the respective forest plots.
Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode richness of each trophic group. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing richness of nematodes of each trophic group per 100 cm3 of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels. The inset in predators and omnivores forest plots is the enlarged view of the respective forest plots.

Figure 7

Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode abundance. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing overall abundance of nematodes per 100 g of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels.
Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode abundance. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing overall abundance of nematodes per 100 g of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels.

Figure 8

Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode abundance. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing overall abundance of nematodes per 100 cm3 in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels.
Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode abundance. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing overall abundance of nematodes per 100 cm3 in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels.

Figure 9

Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode abundance of each c-p guild. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing abundance of nematodes at c-p guilds 1 to 5 per 100 g of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels. The inset in c-p 1, c-p 4, and c-p 5 forest plots is the enlarged view of the respective forest plots.
Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode abundance of each c-p guild. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing abundance of nematodes at c-p guilds 1 to 5 per 100 g of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels. The inset in c-p 1, c-p 4, and c-p 5 forest plots is the enlarged view of the respective forest plots.

Figure 10

Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode abundance of each c-p guild. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing abundance of nematodes at c-p guilds 1 to 5 per 100 cm3 of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels. The inset in c-p 1, c-p 4, and c-p 5 forest plots is the enlarged view of the respective forest plots.
Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode abundance of each c-p guild. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing abundance of nematodes at c-p guilds 1 to 5 per 100 cm3 of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels. The inset in c-p 1, c-p 4, and c-p 5 forest plots is the enlarged view of the respective forest plots.

Figure 11

Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode abundance of each trophic group. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing abundance of nematodes of each trophic group per 100 g of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels. The inset in fungivores, predators, and omnivores forest plots is the enlarged view of the respective forest plots.
Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode abundance of each trophic group. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing abundance of nematodes of each trophic group per 100 g of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels. The inset in fungivores, predators, and omnivores forest plots is the enlarged view of the respective forest plots.

Figure 12

Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode abundance of each trophic group. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing abundance of nematodes of each trophic group per 100 cm3 of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels. The inset in predators and omnivores forest plots is the enlarged view of the respective forest plots.
Effect of ecosystem on genus-level nematode abundance of each trophic group. Mean values are the weighted summary effect sizes and the bars represent standard error for comparing abundance of nematodes of each trophic group per 100 cm3 of soil in different ecosystems. Letter n is the number of studies reporting data at each ecosystem. P hetero < 0.05 is evidence that ecosystem levels differed. I 2 is the percentage of true or real variation among ecosystem levels. The inset in predators and omnivores forest plots is the enlarged view of the respective forest plots.

Heterogeneity statistics for the summary effect sizes per 100 g and per 100 cm3 of soil.

100 g 100 cm3
Summary effect Qt Phetero I2 Qt Phetero I2
Overall richness 740.37 0.000 23.37 49.75 0.103 12.42
Overall abundance 525.42 0.007 2.67 320.94 0.000 10.28
Richness of c-p 1 347.88 0.000 8.50 129.66 0.000 66.24
Richness of c-p 2 486.97 0.000 15.43 79.06 0.000 34.16
Richness of c-p 3 453.61 0.000 32.25 147.73 0.000 73.73
Richness of c-p 4 520.05 0.000 29.18 42.39 0.357 7.62
Richness of c-p 5 390.74 0.001 4.56 54.84 0.025 17.00
Abundance of c-p 1 553.15 0.009 2.43 330.58 0.000 6.07
Abundance of c-p 2 422.77 0.028 2.57 186.77 0.000 27.30
Abundance of c-p 3 1,299.77 0.000 2.07 224.18 0.000 43.86
Abundance of c-p 4 609.75 0.000 13.95 70.48 0.088 9.27
Abundance of c-p 5 730.70 0.000 9.33 159.32 0.000 14.05
Richness of bacterivores 584.92 0.000 17.00 76.29 0.000 29.57
Richness of fungivores 392.01 0.000 18.47 105.16 0.000 57.06
Richness of herbivores 358.48 0.000 15.42 69.50 0.000 37.84
Richness of predators 267.55 0.000 18.34 50.88 0.061 14.51
Richness of omnivores 446.01 0.000 18.48 48.12 0.135 11.56
Abundance of bacterivores 519.91 0.001 3.80 396.91 0.000 9.81
Abundance of fungivores 645.08 0.034 1.61 357.16 0.000 17.18
Abundance of herbivores 762.77 0.015 1.62 430.30 0.001 3.92
Abundance of predators 768.10 0.000 6.72 144.93 0.000 18.25
Abundance of omnivores 747.91 0.000 11.09 344.69 0.000 12.77
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