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Description of a new dagger nematode, Xiphinema barooghii n. sp. (Nematoda: Longidoridae) and additional data on the three known species of the genus from northwest of Iran

Nasir Vazifeh
Nasir Vazifeh
, 
Gholamreza Niknam
Gholamreza Niknam
, 
Habibeh Jabbari
Habibeh Jabbari
 et 
Arezoo Naghavi
Arezoo Naghavi
   | 16 avr. 2019
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Article Category: Arts & Humanities
Publié en ligne: 16 avr. 2019
Pages: 1 - 17
Reçu: 17 févr. 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2019-007
© 2019 Nasir Vazifeh et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Xiphinema barooghii n. sp. (A) Amphidial pouch; (B) Entire body; (C) Neck region; (D) Female tail; (E) Anterior end; (F) Posterior genital branch; (G–J) Tail of juveniles from J1–J4, respectively.
Xiphinema barooghii n. sp. (A) Amphidial pouch; (B) Entire body; (C) Neck region; (D) Female tail; (E) Anterior end; (F) Posterior genital branch; (G–J) Tail of juveniles from J1–J4, respectively.

Figure 2

Xiphinema barooghii n. sp. Female (A, B) anterior end; (C, G) uterine differentiation spines; (D) entire body; (E) reproductive system; (F) vagina; (H) tail; (I) caudal pores in lateral optical view; (J) amphidial pouch; (K) pharyngeal expansion. (Scale bars: A–K = 10 μm, D = 70 μm).
Xiphinema barooghii n. sp. Female (A, B) anterior end; (C, G) uterine differentiation spines; (D) entire body; (E) reproductive system; (F) vagina; (H) tail; (I) caudal pores in lateral optical view; (J) amphidial pouch; (K) pharyngeal expansion. (Scale bars: A–K = 10 μm, D = 70 μm).

Figure 3

Juvenile stages of Xiphinema barooghii n. sp. Anterior region and tail shape of (A, B) first; (C, D) second; (E, F) third and (G, H) fourth juvenile stages, respectively (Scale bars = 10 μm).
Juvenile stages of Xiphinema barooghii n. sp. Anterior region and tail shape of (A, B) first; (C, D) second; (E, F) third and (G, H) fourth juvenile stages, respectively (Scale bars = 10 μm).

Figure 4

Xiphinema barooghii n. sp. Graph of correlation of functional and replacement odontostyle to body length in all developmental stages from Jl to mature females.
Xiphinema barooghii n. sp. Graph of correlation of functional and replacement odontostyle to body length in all developmental stages from Jl to mature females.

Figure 5

Bayesian tree inferred under the GTR + I + G model from 28S rDNA D2–D3 expansion domains of X. barooghii n. sp. and X. index (−lnL = 9,085.8555; AIC = 18,191.7109; freqA = 0.2402; freqC = 0.2341; freqG = 0.2885; freqT = 0.2373; R(a) = 1.0503; R(b) = 2.8325; R(c) = 2.6784; R(d) = 0.5047; R(e) = 4.0878; R(f) = 1.0000). Posterior probabilities are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are indicated by bold letters.
Bayesian tree inferred under the GTR + I + G model from 28S rDNA D2–D3 expansion domains of X. barooghii n. sp. and X. index (−lnL = 9,085.8555; AIC = 18,191.7109; freqA = 0.2402; freqC = 0.2341; freqG = 0.2885; freqT = 0.2373; R(a) = 1.0503; R(b) = 2.8325; R(c) = 2.6784; R(d) = 0.5047; R(e) = 4.0878; R(f) = 1.0000). Posterior probabilities are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are indicated by bold letters.

Figure 6

(A–E) Xiphinema index Thorne and Allen, 1950, (A) Anterior end; (B) Tubular part of uterus; (C) Vagina; (D) Pars dilatata oviductus; (E) Tail, (F–H) X. pachtaicum (Thlaganov, 1938) Kirjanova, 1951, (F) Anterior end; (G) Anterior genital branch; (H) Tail, (I–N) X. vuittenezi Luc, Lima, Weischer and Flegg, 1964, (I) Anterior end; (J, L) Uterine differentiation spines; (K) Vagina; (M, N) Tail. (Scale bars = 10 Μm).
(A–E) Xiphinema index Thorne and Allen, 1950, (A) Anterior end; (B) Tubular part of uterus; (C) Vagina; (D) Pars dilatata oviductus; (E) Tail, (F–H) X. pachtaicum (Thlaganov, 1938) Kirjanova, 1951, (F) Anterior end; (G) Anterior genital branch; (H) Tail, (I–N) X. vuittenezi Luc, Lima, Weischer and Flegg, 1964, (I) Anterior end; (J, L) Uterine differentiation spines; (K) Vagina; (M, N) Tail. (Scale bars = 10 Μm).

Morphometrics of the Iranian populations of Xiphinema species. All measurements are in μm (except L in mm), and in the form: mean ± s.d. (range).

X. index X. pachtaicum X. vuittenezi
Characters Female Female Female
n 5 5 6
L 2.98 ± 0.18 (2.68–3.13) 2.04 ± 0.08 (1.95–2.17) 3.51 ± 0.16 (3.25–3.76)
a 55.0 ± 4.2 (50.0–60.0) 61.0 ± 8.7 (52.0–74.0) 69.0 ± 5.0 (63.0–78.0)
b 6.7 ± 0.3 (6.3–7.3) 6.7 ± 0.6 (6.3–7.8) 7.6 ± 0.1 (7.3–7.9)
c 76.0 ± 2.4 (74.0–80.0) 69.0 ± 3.6 (64.0–73.0) 89.0 ± 3.6 (77.0–95.0)
c′ 1.04 ± 0.05 (1.00–1.10) 1.50 ± 0.10 (1.40–1.70) 1.10 ± 0.08 (1.00–1.20)
V 37.0 ± 0.7 (36.0–38.0) 54.0 ± 1.2 (53.0–56.0) 49.0 ± 0.4 (47.0–50.0)
Lip region diam. 13.0 ± 0.8 (12.0–14.0) 9.4 ± 0.5 (9.0–10.0) 13.0 ± 0.7 (12.0–14.0)
Odontostyle length 121.0 ± 2.7 (118.0–125.0) 83.0 ± 2.6 (81.0–87.0) 122.0 ± 3.7 (118.0–128.0)
Odontophore length 70.0 ± 1.7 (69.0–73.0) 50.0 ± 3.3 (44.0–54.0) 68.0 ± 4.1 (51.0–75.0)
Spear length 192.0 ± 2.7 (189.0–195.0) 133.0 ± 2.7 (130.0–137.0) 191.0 ± 6.8 (175.0–200.0)
Oral aperture to guide ring 114.0 ± 4.3 (106.0–119.0) 70.0 ± 3.6 (68.0–77.0) 108.0 ± 4.3 (100.0–113.0)
Pharynx length 437 ± 11 (421–450) 303 ± 20 (250–328) 457 ± 11 (443–475)
Pharyngeal bulb length 99.0 ± 6.4 (87.0–110.0) 77.0 ± 4.6 (72.0–84.0) 114 ± 10 (100–131)
Body diam. at phar. base 47.0 ± 3.4 (43.0–52.0) 29.0 ± 2.2 (26.0–32.0) 41.0 ± 2.7 (37.0–45.0)
mid-body 54.0 ± 3.8 (45.0–59.0) 33.0 ± 2.4 (28.0–37.0) 49.0 ± 5.3 (41.0–56.0)
anus 35.0 ± 3.5 (31.0–40.0) 19.0 ± 1.4 (17.0–21.0) 35.0 ± 2.1 (32.0–38.0)
G1 13.2 ± 0.4 (13.0–14.0) 12.0 ± 1.2 (11.0–14.0) 12.6 ± 0.3 (12–13)
G2 12.0 ± 1.3 (11.0–14.0) 12.0 ± 1.9 (10.0–14.0) 12.0 ± 0.8 (11.0–13.0)
Prerectum length 320 ± 46 (250–381) 168 ± 17 (134–187) 496 ± 58 (431–575)
Rectum length 30.0 ± 1.9 (27.0–32.0) 24.0 ± 3.5 (23.0–28.0) 31.0 ± 1.2 (29.0–33.0)
Tail length 39.0 ± 0.9 (36.0–41.0) 29.0 ± 1.1 (28.0–31.0) 39.0 ± 1.4 (38.0–41.0)
Hyaline part of tail 17.0 ± 1.4 (15.0–19.0) 10.0 ± 0.8 (9.0–11.0) 14.0 ± 1.8 (12.0–16.0)

Xiphinema species, locality, associated host and sequences used in this study.

Species Locality Host-plant Accession number
X. abrantinum – – AY601625
X. adenohystherum Bollullos par del Condado, Huelva province, Spain Vitis vinifera L. GU725075
X. adenohystherum Arévalo de la Sierra, Soria province, Spain Holly tree KC567164
X. andalusiense Belmez, Cordoba province, Spain Wild olive KX244884
X. baetica Manzanilla, Huelva province, Spain Grapevine KC567167
X. bakeri – – AY601623
X. barense Apulian region, Torre pozzella, Brindisi province, southern Italy Wild olive (Olea europaea sylvestris L.) KM199690
X. barense Apulian region, Torre Pozzella, Brindisi Province, southern Italy Wild olive (Olea europaea sylvestris L.) KM199691
X. barense Apulian region, Torre Pozzella, Brindisi Province, southern Italy Wild olive (Olea europaea sylvestris L.) KM199692
X. barooghii n. sp. Roodghat area, Sufiyan, East-Azarbaijan province, northwest of Iran Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) MH884067
X. basiri – – AY601630
X. belmontense Merza, Coruña province, Spain Pedunculate oak KC567172
X. brasiliense Shenzhen, China – KP793050
X. brasiliense – – AY601616
X. castilloi Sefid Rud River near Rasht, Gilan province, Iran Ash tree KF446655
X. cadavalense Espiel ,Cordoba province, Spain Cultivated olive KX244900
X. celtiense Peñafor, Sevilla province, Spain Wild olive KX244889
X. chambersi Florida, USA – DQ299512
X. chambersi – – AY601617
X. citricolum Florida, USA – DQ285668
X. cohni El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz province, Spain Stone pine KC567173
X. conurum Uleila del Campo, Almeria province, Spain cultivated olive KX244902
X. cretense Hersonisos, Heraklion province, Crete, Greece Olive (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea) KJ802878
X. costaricense Pacayitas, La Suiza de Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica Sugarcane KX931059
X. coxi Hinojos, Huelva province, Spain Carob tree KC567175
X. dentatum Czech Republic Carpinus betulus and Acer platanoides EU781538
X. diversicaudatum – – EF538755
X. diversicaudatum Marchegg, Austria – JQ780366
X. elongatum China – EF140790
X. floridae Florida, USA – DQ299507
X. gersoni Almonte, Huelva province, Spain Eucalyptus KC567180
X. georgianum Florida, USA – DQ299497
X. globosum Valdeinfierno in the Los Alcornocales Regional Park, Alcalá de los Gazules, Cádiz province, southern Spain Black alder, Alnus glutinosa L. Gaertn., and river bank grapevine, Vitis riparia GU549474
X. granatum Saveh, Markazi province, Iran Pomegranate trees (Punica granatum L.) JQ240273
X. hangzhouense Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China Magnolia grandiflora L. MF538772
X. herakliense Vathy Rema, Heraklion province, Crete, Greece Olive tree (Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris) KM586345
X. herakliense Vathy Rema, Heraklion province, Crete, Greece Olive tree (Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris) KM586346
X. herakliense Agiofarago, south west Heraklion province, Crete, Greece Olive KM586347
X. herakliense Agiofarago, south west Heraklion province, Crete, Greece Olive KM586348
X. herakliense Agiofarago, south west Heraklion province, Crete, Greece Olive KM586349
X. herakliense Agiofarago, south west Heraklion province, Crete, Greece Olive KM586350
X. herakliense Hersonisos, northeast Heraklion province, Crete, Greece Olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea L.) KM586351
X. herakliense Hersonisos, northeast Heraklion province, Crete, Greece Olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea L.) KM586352
X. hispanum Andujar, Jaen province, Spain Cistus albidus L. GU725074
X. hispidum Bollullos par del Condado, Huelva province, Spain Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) HM921346
X. hunaniense Shenzhen, China – KP793046
X. hunaniense Shenzhen, China – KP793048
X. index Córdoba province, Spain Grapevine HM921398
X. index Kentri, Greece Olive KJ802882
X. index Córdoba province, Spain Grapevine HM921399
X. index Córdoba province, Spain Grapevine HM921400
X. index Córdoba province, Spain Grapevine HM921401
X. index Cádiz province, Spain Grapevine HM921402
X. index Roodghat area, Sufiyan, East-Azarbaijan province, northwest of Iran Apple (Malus domestica L.) variety Red delicious MH879782
X. ingens Chogha Kaboud village, Harsin, Kermanshah province, Iran Astragalus sp. KJ956388
X. insigne – – AY601619
X. israeliae Roufas, Greece Olive KJ802883
X. israeliae Agiofarago, Greece Wild olive KJ802884
X. italiae Cabra, Córdoba province, Spain Grapevine KC567182
X. italiae AY601613
X. iznajarense Iznaajar, Cordoba province, Spain Cultivated olive KX244892
X. japonicum Japan Podocarpus macrophyllus L. KY131240
X. laevistriatum Florida, USA – DQ299505
X. lambertii India – HM163211
X. lupini Bollullos par del Condado, Huelva province, Spain Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) HM921352
X. lupini Hinojos, Huelva province, Spain Grapevine KC567183
X. macroacanthum Southern Italy Olive orchards HF546080
X. macrodora La Granjuela, Córdoba province, Spain Cultivated olive KU171040
X. mengibarense Mengibar, Jaen province, Spain Cultivated olive KX244894
X. meridianum Sbitla, Kasserine, Tunisia Cultivated olive KX062679
X. naturale Florida, USA – DQ299515
X. nuragicum Marchena, Seville province, Spain Olea europaea sp. europaea L. GU725071
X. nuragicum Puente Genil, Cordoba province, Spain Vitis vinifera L. GU725067
X. oleae Tarifa, Cádiz province, Spain Wild olive KU171037
X. poasense Toro Amarillo, Valverde Vega, San Carlos Alajuela, Costa Rica Eucalyptus, cypress and fountain grass MF461347
X. pseudocoxi Alcaracejos, Cordoba province, Spain Wild olive KX244915
X. pyrenaicum Cahors, Midi-Pyrenees province, France Vitis vinifera L. GU725073
X. rivesi Bollullos par del Condado, Huelva province, Spain Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) HM921358
X. robbinsi Sbitla, Kasserine, Tunisia Cultivated olive KX062683
X. robbinsi Abida, Kairouan, Tunisia Cultivated olive KX062685
X. santos – – AY601587
X. savanicola – – AY601620
X. setariae – – AY601621
X. sphaerocephalum Coto Rios, Jaen province, Spain Quercus faginea L. GU725076
X. tarjanense DQ299511
X. tica Chirraca, San Ignacio de Acosta, San José, Costa Rica Grapevine KY623485
X. turcicum Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Cádiz province, Spain Grapevine KC567185
X. turdetanensis Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Cádiz province, Spain Stone pine KC567186
X. vuittenezi Czech Republic – EF614266
X. vuittenezi – – AY601614
X. vulgare Florida, USA – DQ299514
X. zagrosense Madavan village, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran Grasses JN153101

Specific α-numeric code of each Xiphinema spp. belonging to X. non-americanum morphospecies Group 6 according to Loof and Luc (1990) .

Xiphinema spp. A B C D E F G H I J K L References
spinuterus 4 3 1 1 4 3 3 2 12 – – 2 1
mluci 4 3 2 123 45 (3)45 23 2 34 2 – 1 1
xenovariabile 4 3 23 34 56 23 1 2 3(4) 2 – 2 1
diannae 4 3 3 4 45 3 12 2 23 3 – 2 1
coomansi 4 3 3 45 456 3 2 2 3 3 – 2 1
lacrimaspinae 4 3 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 34 2 1 1
barbercheckae 4 3 4 5 56 3 2 2 23 3 – 1 1
mammatum 4 3 5a 4 4 3 2 2 3 5 2 2 1
aequum 4 3 5a 5 5 45 3 2 3 5 2 2 1
aceri 4 3 6a 56 5 4 23 3 3 6 – 1 1
robbinsi 4 3 5a 65 56 3(4) 2 2 3(4) 5a 2 2 2
iranicum 4 3 5a, b 6 6 4 3(4) 2 3 5 4 1 3
nuragicum 4 3 7 6 56 345 3 2 3 7 2 1 4
pyrenaicum 4 3 6 6 56 345 3 2 3 6 2 1 4
adenohystherum 4 3 7 6 56 45 3 2 3 7 – 1 4
sphaerocephalum 4 3 5 6 56 34 3 2 3 5 2 1 4
mazandaranense 4 3 7b 6 456 45 2 2 23 7b 2 1 5
zagrosense 4 3 6 6 456 45 34 2 3 5 2 1 6
vuittenezi 4 3 5(7b) 56 56 34 23 2 3 45 2 1 7
barooghii n. sp. 4 3 5a 6 5 4 3 2 3 4 2 1 8

Morphometrics of Xiphinema barooghii n. sp. All measurements are in μm (except L in mm), and in the form: mean ± s.d. (range).

Female
Characters J1 J2 J3 J4 Holotype Paratypes
n 3 1 5 5 – 8
L 1.15 ± 0.01 (1.14–1.16) 1.73 2.19 ± 0.12 (2.01–2.31) 3.07 ± 0.17 (2.87–3.34) 4.10 4.02 ± 0.21 (3.67–4.25)
a 44.0 ± 2.3 (41.0–47.0) 41 55.0 ± 3.9 (51.0–62.0) 58.0 ± 5.0 (51.0–64.0) 55 59.0 ± 2.4 (53.0–63.0)
b 3.7 ± 0.1 (3.6–3.8) 5.1 5.1 ± 0.3 (4.7–5.6) 6.5 ± 0.6 (5.9–7.5) 8.2 7.7 ± 0.3 (7.0–8.5)
c 18.0 ± 0.7 (17.0–19.0) 29 44.0 ± 2.0 (42.0–47.0) 66.0 ± 6.1 (60.0–76.0) 132 117 ± 10 (103–133)
c′ 3.2 ± 0.1 (3.1–3.3) 2.3 1.62 ± 0.04 (1.60–1.70) 1.1 ± 0.1 (1.0–1.3) 0.7 0.80 ± 0.05 (0.70–0.90)
V – – – – 47 47.0 ± 0.9 (46.0–48.0)
Lip region diam. 10.5 ± 0.3 (10.0–11.0) 10.6 12.2 ± 0.2 (12.0–13.0) 14.0 ± 1.1 (13.0–16.0) 15 14.6 ± 0.3 (14.0–15.0)
Odontostyle length 58.5 ± 0.2 (58.0–59.0) 70 95.0 ± 2.8 (93.0–100.0) 113.0 ± 3.3 (109.0–117.0) 139 136.0 ± 2.7 (132.0–139.0)
Odontophore length 45.0 ± 1.4 (44.0–47.0) 54 63.0 ± 3.0 (60.0–67.0) 76.0 ± 6.3 (70.0–87.0) 82 82.0 ± 3.2 (75.0–85.0)
Spear length 104.0 ± 0.4 (103.0–105.0) 124 158.0 ± 4.8 (150.0–167.0) 189.0 ± 5.7 (181.0–196.0) 221 220.0 ± 3.3 (215.0–225.0)
Replacement odontostyle 72.0 ± 1.6 (71.0–74.0) 93 115.0 ± 2.9 (110.0–119.0) 137.0 ± 1.7 (135.0–139.0) – –
Oral aperture to guide ring 51.0 ± 0.5 (50.0–52.0) 65 82.0 ± 3.1 (76.0–86.0) 101.0 ± 2.4 (98.0–104.0) 129 124.0 ± 5.3 (117.0–132.0)
Pharynx length 311.0 ± 3.4 (307.0–315.0) 337 423 ± 27 (396–476) 447 ± 31 (416–484) 500 520 ± 19 (493–553)
Pharyngeal bulb length 88.0 ± 0.7 (87.0–89.0) 88 112.0 ± 8.6 (103.0–125.0) 122.0 ± 2.5 (118.0–125.0) 144 141.0 ± 9.3 (128.0–153.0)
Body diam. at phar. base 24.0 ± 1.6 (23.0–26.0) 37 36.0 ± 3.6 (33.0–41.0) 45.0 ± 4.1 (41.0–51.0) 65 57.0 ± 7.5 (52.0–69.0)
mid-body 24.0 ± 2.1 (24.0–28.0) 42 40.0 ± 3.4 (34.0–44.0) 52.0 ± 5.0 (46.0–59.0) 74 67.0 ± 6.7 (60.0–79.0)
anus 18.0 ± 0.4 (17.0–19.0) 26 30.0 ± 0.8 (29.0–31.0) 40.0 ± 2.7 (36.0–43.0) 41 42.0 ± 1.8 (40.0–44.0)
G1 – – – – 13 12.3 ± 0.4 (12.0–13.0)
G2 – – – – 13 11.0 ± 1.3 (9.0–13.0)
Prerectum length 265 ± 16 (246–284) 305 412 ± 28 (319–444) 572 ± 40 (525–625) 603 595 ± 74 (503–700)
Rectum length 14.0 ± 0.6 (13.0–15.0) 19 26.0 ± 1.4 (22.0–28.0) 33.0 ± 1.5 (31.0–35.0) 49 43.0 ± 5.4 (35.0–51.0)
Tail length 61.0 ± 1.3 (59.0–63.0) 60 49.0 ± 1.1 (48.0–51.0) 46.0 ± 1.5 (44.0–48.0) 30 33.0 ± 2.6 (30.0–38.0)
Hyaline part of tail 8.4 ± 0.3 (8.0–10.0) 13 13.0 ± 1.3 (12.0–15.0) 14.2 ± 0.5 (13.0–15.0) 13 13.0 ± 0.8 (11.0–16.0)
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