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Occurrence of Sheraphelenchus sucus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoidinae) and Panagrellus sp. (Rhabditida: Panagrolaimidae) Associated with Decaying Pomegranate Fruit in Italy

ELENA FANELLI
ELENA FANELLI
, 
ALBERTO TROCCOLI
ALBERTO TROCCOLI
, 
NICOLA VOVLAS
NICOLA VOVLAS
, 
GIANLUCA SCARCIA
GIANLUCA SCARCIA
, 
ANNAMARIA MINCUZZI
ANNAMARIA MINCUZZI
, 
SIMONA M. SANZANI
SIMONA M. SANZANI
, 
ANTONIO IPPOLITO
ANTONIO IPPOLITO
 et 
FRANCESCA DE LUCA
FRANCESCA DE LUCA
   | 26 sept. 2018
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Publié en ligne: 26 sept. 2018
Pages: 418 - 426
Reçu: 04 avr. 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2017-091
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© 2017 ELENA FANELLI et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

FIG. 1.

Pomegranate decaying fruit hosting fungi, the nematode mycetophagus (Sheraphelenchus sucus), and bacteriophagus (Panagrolaimus sp.) populations. A. Top (top) and lateral (bottom) view of the entire decaying fruit; B, C. Cross-section of an affected pomegranate showing more or less extensive rotting tissue portions.
Pomegranate decaying fruit hosting fungi, the nematode mycetophagus (Sheraphelenchus sucus), and bacteriophagus (Panagrolaimus sp.) populations. A. Top (top) and lateral (bottom) view of the entire decaying fruit; B, C. Cross-section of an affected pomegranate showing more or less extensive rotting tissue portions.

FIG. 2.

Light microscopy micrographs illustrating morphodiagnostic characters of freshly mounted specimens of the Italian bisexual population of Sheraphelenchus sucus. A. Female (left) and male (right) entire body; B. Female anterior end; C. Female tail; D. Male tail with spicules (Scale bars: A = 250 μm; B–D = 20 μm).
Light microscopy micrographs illustrating morphodiagnostic characters of freshly mounted specimens of the Italian bisexual population of Sheraphelenchus sucus. A. Female (left) and male (right) entire body; B. Female anterior end; C. Female tail; D. Male tail with spicules (Scale bars: A = 250 μm; B–D = 20 μm).

FIG. 3.

Phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences describing the evolutionary relationships among different Sheraphelenchus and Bursaphelenchus species using the Maximum Likely (ML) method. Branch lengths are proportional to the distances as derived from the distance matrix obtained using the General Time Reversible (GTR) method with the invariant site plus gamma options. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap values.
Phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences describing the evolutionary relationships among different Sheraphelenchus and Bursaphelenchus species using the Maximum Likely (ML) method. Branch lengths are proportional to the distances as derived from the distance matrix obtained using the General Time Reversible (GTR) method with the invariant site plus gamma options. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap values.

FIG. 4.

Phylogenetic tree based on 18S rRNA gene describing the evolutionary relationships among different Sheraphelenchus and Bursaphelenchus species using the Maximum Likely (ML) method. Branch lengths are proportional to the distances as derived from the distance matrix obtained using the General Time Reversible (GTR) method with the invariant site plus gamma options. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap values.
Phylogenetic tree based on 18S rRNA gene describing the evolutionary relationships among different Sheraphelenchus and Bursaphelenchus species using the Maximum Likely (ML) method. Branch lengths are proportional to the distances as derived from the distance matrix obtained using the General Time Reversible (GTR) method with the invariant site plus gamma options. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap values.

FIG. 5.

Phylogenetic tree based on D2–D3 expansion domains of 28S rRNA gene describing the evolutionary relationships among different Sheraphelenchus and Bursaphelenchus species using the Maximum Likely (ML) method. Branch lengths are proportional to the distances as derived from the distance matrix obtained using the General Time Reversible (GTR) method with the invariant site plus gamma options. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap values.
Phylogenetic tree based on D2–D3 expansion domains of 28S rRNA gene describing the evolutionary relationships among different Sheraphelenchus and Bursaphelenchus species using the Maximum Likely (ML) method. Branch lengths are proportional to the distances as derived from the distance matrix obtained using the General Time Reversible (GTR) method with the invariant site plus gamma options. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap values.

FIG. 6.

Phylogenetic tree based on D2–D3 expansion domains of 28S rRNA gene describing the evolutionary relationships among different Panagrellus species using the Maximum Likely (ML) method. Branch lengths are proportional to the distances as derived from the distance matrix obtained using the General Time Reversible (GTR) method with the invariant site plus gamma options. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap values.
Phylogenetic tree based on D2–D3 expansion domains of 28S rRNA gene describing the evolutionary relationships among different Panagrellus species using the Maximum Likely (ML) method. Branch lengths are proportional to the distances as derived from the distance matrix obtained using the General Time Reversible (GTR) method with the invariant site plus gamma options. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap values.

Morphometric comparison of the Italian populations of Sheraphelenchus sucus with populations of S. entomophagus and S. sucus from the literature. All measurements are in micrometers and in the form: mean ± s.d. (range).

  S. sucus S. sucus S. entomophagus S. entomophagus S. sucus S. sucus type isolate
Metaponto (MT) population Fasano (BR) population (Moosavi et al., 2014) (Nickle, 1970) (Fang et al., 2015) (Kanzaki and Tanaka, 2013)
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
n 4 11 12 12 10 10 12 12 20 20 15 16
L 770 ± 50.7 690 ± 98.3 678 ± 78 690 ± 59 559.6 ± 58.5 626.3 ± 68.7 682.0 697.0 575 ± 70 597 ± 83 527 ± 41 623 ± 82
(714–817) (560–868) (612–744) (748–866) (431–630) (550–782) (478–1,186) (532–975) (494–751) (500–876) (483–601) (451–719)
a 23.4 ± 0.8 22.8 ± 0.8 24 ± 1.8 27 ± 0.8 20.4 ± 2.6 21.2 ± 2.7 24.1 23.3 25.4 ± 1.9 24.2 ± 2.0 23.2 ± 2.5 22.8 ± 1.7
(22.9–24.7) (22.0–24.6) (22–26) (23–31) (16.5–25.4) (18.2–27.4) (20.5–27.3) (19.7–26.3) (22.6–30.4) (20.7–27.4) (19.4–27.8) (20.2–26.3)
c 12.9 ± 0.4 7.7 ± 0.5 11 ± 0.4 8 ± 0.5 9.9 ± 0.7 6.8 ± 0.9 14.4 8.7 10.8 ± 1.0 7.5 ± 0.7 10.8 ± 1.4 7.6 ± 0.7
(12.5–13.3) (6.8–8.3) (8–14) (7–9) (8.7–11.0) (5.5–8.3) (10.7–22.6) (7.5–10.2) (9.3–12.8) (6.5–9.3) (8.5–13.8) (6.6–9.4)
c′ 3.6 ± 0.2 7.2 ± 0.8 4.6 ± 0.5 7.2 ± 0.8 3.9 ± 0.7 7.3 ± 0.9     4.1 ± 0.2 7.2 ± 0.7 3.9 ± 0.4 6.9 ± 0.7
(3.4–3.8) (6.2–8.3) (3.9–5.8) (6.4–9.4) (3.2–4.6) (6.7–8.4)     (3.8–4.6) (5.9–8.8) (2.9–4.6) (5.8–8.3)
T or V 68.2 ± 3.7 82.6 ± 0.9 57 ± 1.7 78.5 ± 0.9 60.5 ± 4.3 79.3 ± 1.5     59.9 ± 5.0 80.9 ± 0.9 56.6 ± 7.8 82.3 ± 1.2
(66.0–72.4) (81.1–84.2) (46–68) (75–82) (57.5–67.0) (76.5–81.0)     (45.3–66.6) (79.0–82.8) (41.5–70.0) (80.3–85.1)
Max. body diam. 32.9 ± 2.8 30.2 ± 4.3 18.5 ± 0.8 25 ± 3.1 17.8 ± 3.5 26.2 ± 3.2 28.4 29.9 22.7 ± 2.5 24.7 ± 2.6 23.0 ± 3.4 27.5 ± 4.6
(30.0–35.6) (25.0–38.7) (18–19) (20–30) (14.5–23.5) (20.0–30.0) (21.4–53.3) (22.8–45.4) (19.7–28.8) (20.6–33.2) (19.5–31.0) (17.5–33.0)
Lip diam. 9.5 ± 0.3 9.3 ± 0.5 8.5 ± 0.5 9.5 ± 0.6 7.4 ± 0.3 8.0 ± 0.4     7.9 ± 0.5 8.1 ± 0.7 8.0 ± 0.5 8.5 ± 0.5
(9.2–9.8) (8.5–10.2) (8–9) (9–10.5) (7.0–7.5) (7.6–8.2)     (6.9–8.8) (7.0–9.6) (7.5–9.0) (7.0–9.0)
Lip height 3.7 ± 0.3 3.6 ± 0.3 2 ± 0.3 3 ± 0.3 2.5 ± 0.4 3.0 ± 0.5     3.1 ± 0.3 3.2 ± 0.3 3.5 ± 0.3 3.5 ± 0.3
(3.4–4.1) (3.1–4.0) (3.4–4.1) (2.6–3.5) (2.0–3.0) (2.5–3.5)     (2.7–3.6) (2.8–4.0) (2.5–4.0) (3.0–4.5)
Stylet length 13.4 ± 0.4 13.4 ± 0.6 13.5 ± 0.8 13.5 ± 0.6 12.0 ± 1.3 11.5 ± 1.2 12.3 12.0 13.5 ± 0.3 13.2 ± 0.4 14.9 ± 0.8 15.2 ± 1.1
(12.9–13.7) (12.6–14.0) (12.8–14.2) (13–14) (9.5–14.0) (10.0–15.0) (11.3–13) (11.3–13.0) (12.8–14.0) (12.3–13.9) (13.7–16.2) (14.1–17.3)
Median bulb diam. 13.9 ± 0.8 13.2 ± 1.3 14.5 ± 0.8 15 ± 1 11.5 ± 0.8 13.0 ± 0.6     11.8 ± 0.8 12.3 ± 1.0 12.0 ± 0.7 12.5 ± 1.3
(13.1–14.9) (11.1–15.5) (13–16) (14–16) (10.5–12.0) (12.3–13.6)     (10.3–13.3) (10.7–13.8) (10.5–13.5) (10.5–14.5)
Median bulb length 16.9 ± 0.2 17.2±0.7 17.5 ± 0.3 18 ± 1.2 15.7± 2.6 18.0 ± 0.5     16.0 ± 0.7 17.0 ± 1.0 15.5 ± 0.7 16.5 ± 1.1
(16.6–17.2) (15.6–18.3) (17–18) (16–19) (12.5–18.5) (17.6–18.5)     (14.7–17.4) (14.9–20.0) (14.0–17.0) (15.5–18.5)
Spicule (dorsal limb) 27.6 ± 2.0 – 26 ± 1.8 – 24.5 ± 0.5 – 21.9   22.1 ± 1.5 – – –
(25.0–30.0)   (25–30)   (21.0–30.0)   (18.9–25.2) – (19.0–24.9)      
Tail length 59.5 ± 3.2 90.3 ± 10.9 52.5 ± 5.2 8.9 ± 13 52.0 ± 9.0 87.0 ± 9.0     53 ± 3.5 80 ± 11.0 49 ± 6.1 82 ± 9.5
(55.0–62.8) (77.2–106.9) (40–65) (52–118) (42.5–60.0) (79.0–97.0)     (48–59) (57–116) (41–63) (63–93)
Anal body diam. 16.5 ± 0.8 12.4 ± 1.0 10 ± 0.8 16.4 ± 1.0 13.5 ± 0.5 12.0 ± 0.6     12.9 ± 0.8 11.1 ± 1.0 12.5 ± 0.8 12.0 ± 1.1
(15.9–17.7) (11.0–14.6) (9–12) (16–17) (13.0–14.0) (11.5–12.5)     (11.8–14.5) (9.0–13.2) (12.0–14.5) (9.5–13.5)
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