[1. Moss ML, Salentijn L. The primary role of functional matrices in facial growth. Am J Orthod 1969;55:566-77.10.1016/0002-9416(69)90034-7]Search in Google Scholar
[2. Kiliaridis S, Engström C, Thilander B. The relationship between masticatory function and craniofacial morphology. I. A cephalometric longitudinal analysis in the growing rat fed a soft diet. Eur J Orthod 1985;7:273-83.10.1093/ejo/7.4.273]Search in Google Scholar
[3. Maki K, Nishioka T, Shioiri E, Takahashi T, Kimura M. Effects of dietary consistency on the mandible of rats at the growth stage: computed X-ray densitometric and cephalometric analysis. Angle Orthod 2002;72:468-75.]Search in Google Scholar
[4. Beecher RM, Corruccini RS. Effects of dietary consistency on craniofacial and occlusal development in the rat. Angle Orthod 1981;51:61-9.]Search in Google Scholar
[5. Engström C, Kiliaridis S, Thilander B. The relationship between masticatory function and craniofacial morphology. II: A histological study in the growing rat fed a soft diet. Eur J Orthod 1986;8:271-9.10.1093/ejo/8.4.271]Search in Google Scholar
[6. Horowitz SL, Shapiro HH. Modification of skull and jaw architecture following removal of masseter muscle in the rat. Am J Phys Anthrop 1955;13:301-8.10.1002/ajpa.1330130208]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Horowitz SL, Shapiro HH. Modifications of mandibular architecture following removal of temporalis muscle in the rat. J Dent Res 1951;30:276-80.10.1177/00220345510300021801]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Washburn SL. The effect of removal of the zygomatic arch in the rat. J Mammal 1946;27:169-72.10.2307/1375234]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Lifshitz J. Comparative anatomic study of mandibular growth in rats after bilateral resections of superficial masseter, posterior temporal, and anterior digastric muscles. J Dent Res 1976;55:854-8.10.1177/00220345760550052301]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Navarro M, Delgado E, Monje F. Changes in mandibular rotation after muscular resection. Experimental study in rats. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1995;108:367-79.10.1016/S0889-5406(95)70034-X]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Bresin A, Kiliaridis S, Strid KG. Effect of masticatory function on the internal bone structure in the mandible of the growing rat. Eur J Oral Sci 1999;107:35-44.10.1046/j.0909-8836.1999.eos107107.x10102749]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Bresin A, Kiliaridis S. Dento-skeletal adaptation after bite-raising in growing rats with different masticatory muscle capacities. Eur J Orthod 2002;24:223-37.10.1093/ejo/24.3.22312143087]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Mavropoulos A, Kiliaridis S, Bresin A, Ammann P. Effect of different masticatory functional and mechanical demands on the structural adaptation of the mandibular alveolar bone in young growing rats. Bone 2004;35:191-7.10.1016/j.bone.2004.03.020]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Mavropoulos A, Ammann P, Bresin A, Kiliaridis S. Masticatory demands induce region-specific changes in mandibular bone density in growing rats. Angle Orthod 2005;75:625-30.]Search in Google Scholar
[15. Behrents RG, Johnston LE Jr. The influence of the trigeminal nerve on facial growth and development. Am J Orthod 1984;85:199-206.10.1016/0002-9416(84)90059-9]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Kikuchi M, Lu CH, Sebata M, Yamamoto Y. The mandibular development of the rat after the denervation of the masseteric nerve. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll 1978;19:75-86.]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Takahashi I. Effects of denervation of the masseter muscle on craniofacial growth in the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta). J Jpn Orthod Soc 1988;47:197-213.]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Carter GM, Harkness EM. Alterations to mandibular form following motor denervation of the masseter muscle. An experimental study in the rat. J Anat 1995;186:541-8.]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Byrd KE. Craniofacial sequelae of lesions to facial and trigeminal motor nuclei in growing rats. Am J Phys Anthropol 1988;76:87-103.10.1002/ajpa.13307601083407757]Search in Google Scholar
[20. Kwon TG, Park HS, Lee SH, Park IS, An CH. Influence of unilateral masseter muscle atrophy on craniofacial morphology in growing rabbits. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65:1530-7.10.1016/j.joms.2006.10.05917656279]Search in Google Scholar
[21. Matic DB, Yazdani A, Wells RG, Lee TY, Gan BS. The effects of masseter muscle paralysis on facial bone growth. J Surg Res 2007;139:243-52.10.1016/j.jss.2006.09.00317433895]Search in Google Scholar
[22. Vecchione L, Byron C, Cooper GM, Barbano T, Hamrick MW, Sciote JJ et al. Craniofacial morphology in myostatin-deficient mice. J Dent Res 2007;86:1068-72.10.1177/15440591070860110917959898]Search in Google Scholar
[23. Finol HJ, Lewis DM, Owens R. The effects of denervation on contractile properties of rat skeletal muscle. J Physiol 1981;319:81-92.10.1113/jphysiol.1981.sp01389312438237320930]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Gundersen K. Early effects of denervation on isometric and isotonic contractile properties of rat skeletal muscles. Acta Physiol Scand 1985;124:549-55.10.1111/j.1748-1716.1985.tb00047.x4050481]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Sarnat BG, Muchnic H. Facial skeletal changes after mandibular condylectomy in the adult monkey. J Anat 1971;108:323-38.]Search in Google Scholar
[26. Chan HJ, Woods M, Stella D. Mandibular muscle morphology in children with different vertical facial patterns: A 3-dimensional
computed tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008;133:1-10.10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.05.01318174063]Search in Google Scholar
[27. Weijs WA, Hillen B. Correlations between the cross-sectional area of the jaw muscles and craniofacial size and shape. Am J Phys Anthropol 1986;70:423-31.10.1002/ajpa.13307004033766712]Search in Google Scholar
[28. van Spronsen PH, Weijs WA, Valk J, Prahl-Andersen B, van Ginkel FC. Comparison of jaw-muscle bite-force cross-sections obtained by means of magnetic resonance imaging and high-resolution CT scanning. J Dent Res 1989;68:1765-70.10.1177/00220345890680120901]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Ng HP, Ong SH, Hu Q, Foong KW, Goh PS, Nowinski WL. Muscles of mastication model-based MR image segmentation. Int J Comp Ass Radiol Surg 2006;1:137-48.10.1007/s11548-006-0046-4]Search in Google Scholar
[30. Raadsheer MC, Van Eijden TM, Van Spronsen PH, Van Ginkel FC, Kiliaridis S, Prahl-Andersen B. A comparison of human masseter muscle thickness measured by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Oral Biol 1994;39:1079-84.10.1016/0003-9969(94)90061-2]Search in Google Scholar
[31. Kiliaridis S, Engvall M, Tzakis MG. Ultrasound imaging of the masseter muscle in myotonic dystrophy patients. J Oral Rehabil 1995;22:619-25.10.1111/j.1365-2842.1995.tb01059.x]Search in Google Scholar
[32. Georgiakaki I, Tortopidis D, Garefis P, Kiliaridis S. Ultrasonographic thickness and electromyographic activity of masseter muscle of human females. J Oral Rehabil 2007;34:121-8.10.1111/j.1365-2842.2006.01677.x]Search in Google Scholar
[33. Bakke M, Tuxen A, Vilmann P, Jensen BR, Vilmann A, Toft M. Ultrasound image of human masseter muscle related to bite force, electromyography, facial morphology, and occlusal factors. Scand J Dent Res 1992;100:164-71.10.1111/j.1600-0722.1992.tb01734.x]Search in Google Scholar
[34. Sarnat BG. Growth pattern of the mandible: Some reflections. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1986;90:221-33.10.1016/0889-5406(86)90069-7]Search in Google Scholar
[35. Moore WJ. An experimental study of the functional components of growth in the rat mandible. Acta Anat 1973;85:378-85.10.1159/0001440054723385]Search in Google Scholar
[36. Moore WJ. Muscular function and skull growth in the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus). J Zool 1967;152:287-96.10.1111/j.1469-7998.1967.tb01645.x]Search in Google Scholar
[37. Yonemitsu I, Muramoto T, Soma K. The influence of masseter activity on rat mandibular growth. Arch Oral Biol 2007;52:487-93.10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.10.01917126288]Search in Google Scholar
[38. Byrd KE, Stein ST, Sokoloff AJ, Shankar K. Craniofacial alterations following electrolytic lesions of the trigeminal motor nucleus in actively growing rats. Am J Anat 1990;189:93-110.10.1002/aja.10018902022244587]Search in Google Scholar
[39. Carter GM, Harkness EM, Sanson GD. Mandibular structure following motor denervation of masseter muscle. J Dent Res 1998;77:1122.]Search in Google Scholar
[40. Kiliaridis S, Katsaros C. The effects of myotonic dystrophy and Duchenne muscular dystrophy on the orofacial muscles and dentofacial morphology. Acta Odontol Scand 1998;56:369-74.10.1080/00016359842834710066119]Search in Google Scholar
[41. Kiliaridis S, Mejersjö C, Thilander B. Muscle function and craniofacial morpholgy: a clinical study in patients with myotonic dystrophy. Eur J Orthod 1989;11:131-8.10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejo.a0359752767145]Search in Google Scholar
[42. Magalhães M, Araújo L, Chiaradia C, Fraige A, Zamunaro M, Mantesso A. Early dental management of patients with Mobius syndrome. Oral Dis 2006;12:533-6.10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01231.x17054764]Search in Google Scholar
[43. Proffit WR, Fields HW, Nixon WL. Occlusal forces in normal- and long-face adults. J Dent Res 1983;62:566-70.10.1177/002203458306200512016573373]Search in Google Scholar
[44. Proffit WR, Fields HW. Occlusal forces in normal- and long-face children. J Dent Res 1983;62:571-4.10.1177/002203458306200513016573374]Search in Google Scholar
[45. Barrett RL, Harris EF. Anabolic steroids and craniofacial growth in the rat. Angle Orthod 1993;63:289-98.]Search in Google Scholar
[46. Gebhardt A, Pancherz H. The effect of anabolic steroids on mandibular growth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003;123:435-40.10.1067/mod.2003.8812695771]Search in Google Scholar
[47. Verdonck A, Gaethofs M, Carels C, de Zegher F. Effect of low-dose testosterone treatment on craniofacial growth in boys with delayed puberty. Eur J Orthod 1999;21:137-43.10.1093/ejo/21.2.13710327737]Search in Google Scholar
[48. Bills GC, Buschang PH, Ceen R, Hinton RJ. Timing effects of growth hormone supplementation on rat craniofacial growth. Eur J Orthod 2008;30:153-62.10.1093/ejo/cjm10118310061]Search in Google Scholar
[49. Funatsu M, Sato K, Mitani H. Effects of growth hormone on craniofacial growth. Angle Orthod 2006;76:970-7.10.2319/011905-1717090153]Search in Google Scholar
[50. Singleton DA, Buschang PH, Behrents RG, Hinton RJ. Craniofacial growth in growth hormone-deficient rats after growth hormone supplementation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;130:69-82.10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.02.016]Search in Google Scholar
[51. Beitzel F, Gregorevic P, Ryall JG, Plant DR, Sillence MN, Lynch GS. β2-Adrenoceptor agonist fenoterol enhances functional repair of regenerating rat skeletal muscle after injury. J Appl Physiol 2004;96:1385-92.10.1152/japplphysiol.01081.2003]Search in Google Scholar
[52. Ball DI, Brittain RT, Coleman RA, Denyer LH, Jack D, Johnson M et al. Salmeterol, a novel, long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist: characterization of pharmacological activity in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 1991;104:665-71.10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12486.x]Search in Google Scholar
[53. Zeman RJ, Ludemann R, Etlinger JD. Clenbuterol, a β2-agonist, retards atrophy in denervated muscles. Am J Physiol 1987;252:E152-5.10.1152/ajpendo.1987.252.1.E152]Search in Google Scholar
[54. Maltin CA, Reeds PJ, Delday MI, Hay SM, Smith FG, Lobley GE. Inhibition and reversal of denervation-induced atrophy by the β2-agonist growth promoter, Clenbuterol. Biosci Rep 1986;6:811-8.10.1007/BF01117104]Search in Google Scholar
[55. Cockman MD, Jones MB, Prenger MC, Sheldon RJ. Magnetic resonance imaging of denervation-induced muscle atrophy: effects of clenbuterol in the rat. Muscle Nerve 2001;24:1647-58.10.1002/mus.1200]Search in Google Scholar
[56. Kissel JT, McDermott MP, Mendell JR, King WM, Pandya S, Griggs RC et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of albuterol in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. Neurology 2001;57:1434-40.10.1212/WNL.57.8.1434]Search in Google Scholar
[57. Martineau L, Horan MA, Rothwell NJ, Little RA. Salbutamol, a β2-adrenoceptor agonist, increases skeletal muscle strength in young men. Clin Sci 1992;83:615-21.10.1042/cs0830615]Search in Google Scholar
[58. Guhan AR, Cooper S, Oborne J, Lewis S, Bennett J, Tattersfield AE. Systemic effects of formoterol and salmeterol: a dose-response comparison in healthy subjects. Thorax 2000;55:650-6.10.1136/thorax.55.8.650]Search in Google Scholar
[59. Waldeck B. Some pharmacodynamic aspects on long-acting β-adrenoceptor agonists. Gen Pharmacol 1996;27:575-80.10.1016/0306-3623(95)02052-7]Search in Google Scholar
[60. Trawitzki LV, Dantas RO, Mello-Filho FV, Elias-Júnior J. Effect of treatment of dentofacial deformity on masseter muscle thickness. Arch Oral Biol 2006;51:1086-92.10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.06.00416893513]Search in Google Scholar
[61. Ryall JG, Gregorevic P, Plant DR, Sillence MN, Lynch GS. β2-agonist fenoterol has greater effects on contractile function of rat skeletal muscles than clenbuterol. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002;283:R1386-94.10.1152/ajpregu.00324.200212388476]Search in Google Scholar
[62. Libretto SE. A review of the toxicology of salbutamol (albuterol). Arch Toxicol 1994;68:213-6.10.1007/s0020400500598067892]Search in Google Scholar
[63. Rayne J, Crawford GN. The growth of the muscles of mastication in the rat. J Anat 1972;113:391-408.]Search in Google Scholar
[64. Dahlberg G. Statistical methods for medical and biological students. NewYork: Interscience Publications, 1940.]Search in Google Scholar
[65. Fitzpatrick B, Woods MG, Lynch GS, Manton DJ. Denervation and β2-adrenoceptor-agonist administration on craniofacial bone density. Aust Orthod J 2014;30:32-8.]Search in Google Scholar
[66. Fitzpatrick B, Woods MG, Lynch GS, Manton DJ. The effects of denervation and formoterol administration on facial growth. Aust Orthod J 2014; 30:161-8.]Search in Google Scholar
[67. Lim D, Beitzel F, Lynch GS, Woods MG. Myosin heavy chain isoform composition of human masseter muscle from subjects with different mandibular plane angles. Aust Orthod J 2006;22:105-14.]Search in Google Scholar
[68. Moore WJ. Masticatory function and skull growth. J Zool 1965;146:123-31.10.1111/j.1469-7998.1965.tb05205.x]Search in Google Scholar
[69. Katsaros C, Berg R, Kiliaridis S. Influence of masticatory muscle function on transverse skull dimensions in the growing rat. J Orofac Orthop 2002;63:5-13.10.1007/s00056-002-9903-011974452]Search in Google Scholar
[70. Nishi M, Yasue A, Kinouchi N, Noji S, Moriyama K. The increases in the skeletal muscle mass of the transgenic mice expressing the mutated myostatin affected craniofacial morphology. Orthod Waves 2007;66:73-8.10.1016/j.odw.2007.05.001]Search in Google Scholar
[71. Hamrick MW. Increased bone mineral density in the femora of GDF8 knockout mice. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2003;272:388-91.10.1002/ar.a.1004412704695]Search in Google Scholar
[72. Togari A, Arai M, Kondo A. The role of the sympathetic nervous system in controlling bone metabolism. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005;9:931-40.10.1517/14728222.9.5.93116185149]Search in Google Scholar
[73. Kitaura T, Tsunekawa N, Kraemer WJ. Inhibited longitudinal growth of bones in young male rats by clenbuterol. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002;34:267-73.10.1097/00005768-200202000-0001411828236]Search in Google Scholar
[74. Karlsen K. The location of motor end plates and the distribution and histological structure of muscle spindles in jaw muscles of the rat. Acta Odontol Scand 1965;23:521-47.10.3109/000163565090217685215258]Search in Google Scholar
[75. Moss ML. The functional matrix. In: Kraus B, Riedel R, eds. Vistas in orthodontics. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1962;85-98.]Search in Google Scholar
[76. Ladizesky MG, Lama MA, Cutrera RA, Boggio V, Giglio MJ, Cardinali DP. Effect of unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy on mandibular incisor eruption rate in rats. Auton Neurosci 2001;93:65-70.10.1016/S1566-0702(01)00337-X]Search in Google Scholar
[77. Katsaros C. Masticatory muscle function and transverse dentofacial growth. Swed Dent J Suppl 2001;151:1-47.]Search in Google Scholar
[78. Buschang PH, Hinton RJ. A gradient of potential for modifying craniofacial growth. Semin Orthod 2005;11:219-26.10.1053/j.sodo.2005.07.006]Search in Google Scholar
[79. Pepicelli AJ, Woods MG, Briggs C. The mandibular muscles and their importance in orthodontics: A contemporary review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005;128:774-80.10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.09.02316360920]Search in Google Scholar
[80. Chan HJ, Woods MG, Stella D. Three-dimensional computed craniofacial tomography (3D-CT): potential uses and limitations. Aust Orthod J 2007;23:55-64.]Search in Google Scholar