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The Source of Toxicity of Backwash Water from a Swimming Pool Filter Bed Washings

Anna LEMPART
Anna LEMPART
, 
Edyta KUDLEK
Edyta KUDLEK
, 
Mariusz DUDZIAK
Mariusz DUDZIAK
 et 
Aleksandra ZAWADZKA
Aleksandra ZAWADZKA
   | 04 avr. 2019
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Publié en ligne: 04 avr. 2019
Pages: 139 - 146
Reçu: 03 janv. 2018
Accepté: 19 avr. 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/acee-2018-046
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© 2018 Anna Lempart et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

The scheme of water treatment system in the tested swimming pool
The scheme of water treatment system in the tested swimming pool

Water quality indicators evaluated for each tested liquid phase of washings

Parameter Raw washings Supernant water Filtrate
pH [-] 9.15-9.58 8.94-9.58 9.05-9.25
Conductivity [mS/cm] 4.259-5.400 4.377-4.816 4.278-5.766
Potential redox [mV] 747-751 771-780 776-781
Absorbance UV254 [cm-1] 1.826-2.760 1.028-1.160 0.885-1.132
Turbidity [NTU] 138-852 17.0-21.6 0.12-1.09
Content of suspensions [mg/L] 308-750 45-53 <25
TOC [mg/L] 66.28-70.65 56.33-59.38 57.32-61.2
TC [mg/L] 72.7-73.39 61.14-62.64 63.98-64.31
IC [mg/L] 2.05-7.11 1.76-6.31 2.78-6.99

The toxicity effect of filter backwash water on the various indicator organisms

Type of swimming pool from that the sample of filter backwash water was collected Tested organism Toxic effect [%] References
School swimming pool Aliivibrio fischeri 63 [6]
Daphnia magna 40
Chaoborus falvicans 87
Sports swimming pool Aliivibrio fischeri 98 [7]
Hot tube Aliivibrio fischeri 70
Sports swimming pool Aliivibrio fischeri 100 [8]
Jacuzzi Lemna minor 31 [9]

The presence of micropollutants in individual liquid phases and their potential toxicity

Group Compound Raw sample Filtrate Supernatant water Potential toxicity
Products Care Personal Octanal + + - N
Benzyl alcohol + + + Y
Pentanedinitrile + + + Y
Nonanal + + - Y
Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl- + - - N
Cetyl alcohol + - - Y
Hexa-hydro-farnesol + - - Y
Oleic Acid + - + N
Diethyl Phthalate + + + Y
Benzophenone + + + Y
Isopropyl myristate + - - Y
1-Octadecanol + + + N
Octocrylene + - - Y
Debrisoquine + - + Y
Benzyl cyanide + + - Y
Cimetidine + + - Y
Undecylenic acid + + - Y
Gitoxigenin + - - Y
Disinfection By-Products 2-Chlorohistidine + - - Y
Decyl chloride + + + Y
1-Tetradecanol, 14-chloro- + - - Y
2,2,2-TriB-N,N-dimethylacetamide + + - Y
Industry additives 1-Eicosanol + - - Y
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate + + + Y
Kodaflex DOTP + + + Y
Heptadecane + - - Y
Hexadecanethiol + - - Y
Dibutyl phthalate + + + Y
Glycidyl oleate + + + Y
Glycidyl phenyl ether + + + Y
Nonanenitrile + + + Y
Food additives Decanal + + + N
Methyl caprate + - - Y
Triacetin + + + N
Methyl dodecanoate + + + Y
Hedione + + + N
Methyl tetradecanoate + + + N
Tetradecanoic acid + + - Y
Isopropyl palmitate + + + N
Care Cleaning Products Dodecanenitrile + - - Y
Palmitoleic acid + - - Y
Methyl palmitate + + + N
Dioctyl adipate + - - Y
Tridecanoic acid + + + Y

Chronic toxicity of selected organic micropollutants in the water environment and their acute toxicity determined for aquatic organisms

Compound The trophic group of tested organisms Species of tested organism Parameter (duration of the test) The value [mg/L] References
Ibuprofen Vascular plants Lemna minor LOEC 22.00 [27]
Crustaceans Gammarus pulex LOEC 0.00001 [28]
Planorbis carnatus LOEC 24.30 [29]
Thamnocephalus platyurus LC50 (24 h) 19.59 [30]
Hydra attenuata LC50 (96 h) 1.65 [31]
Algae Desmodesmus subspicatus EC50 (72h) 315 [32]
Synechocystis sp. LOEC (72h) 1.00 [33]
Molluscs Planorbis carnatus LC50 (72 h) 17.10 [29]
Amphibians Xnopus laevis EC50 30.70 [34]
Fishes Oncorhynchus mykiss LOEC 1.00 [35]
Oryzias latipes LC50 (96 h) >100.00 [36]
Caffeine Rotifera Plationus patulus LC50 (48 h) 580.00 [37]
Crustaceans Pimephales promelas LC50 (24 h) 100.00 [38]
Fishes Chironomus dilutus LC50 (24 h) 1.23 [38]
Pimephales promelas LOEC 20.00 [38]
Carbamazepine Vascular plants Lemna minor LOEC 22.50 [27]
Lemna gibba LOEC >1.00 [39]
Crustaceans Ceriodaphnia dubia LOEC 100.00 [40]
Calluna vulgaris EC50 (48 h) 155.00 [36]
Ceriodaphnia dubia EC50 (48 h) 77.70 [40]
Hydra attenuata EC50 15.50 [31]
Algae Desmodesmus subspicatus EC50 (72 h) 74.00 [27]
Cyclotella meneghiniana EC50 (96 h) 10.00 [40]
Synechococcus leopolensis EC50 (96 h) 17.00 [40]
Insects Chironomus tentans LOEC 47.30 [41]
Amphibians Xnopus laevis EC50 (96 h) >100.00 [34]
Fishes Oryzias latipes LOEC 6.10 [36]
EC50 (48 h) 35.40 [30]
Danio rerio LOEC 50.00 [39]
Oncorhynchus mykiss (juvenile) LC50 (96 h) 19.90 [42]
Oxybenzone Crustaceans Daphnia magna EC50 (24 h) 1.67 [43]
Algae Scenedesmus vacuolatus IC50 (24 h) 0.36 [44]
Desmodesmus subspicatus IC50 (72 h) 0.61 [43]
Fishes Oncorhynchus mykiss LOEC 0.75 [45]
Oryzias latipes LOEC 0.62 [45]
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