Variation in Volume Production Through Clonal Deployment: Results From a Simulation Model to Minimize Risk for Both a Currently Known and Unknown Future Pest

ALFARO, R. I. (1996): Feeding and oviposition preferences of white pine weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on resistant and susceptible Sitka spruce clones in laboratory bioassays. Environ. Entomol. 25(5): 1012-1019.10.1093/ee/25.5.1012Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

ALFARO, R. I., R. G. BROWN, K. J. MITCHELL, K. R. POLSSON and R. N. MACDONALD (1996): SWAT: A decision support system for spruce weevil management. In: Decision Support Systems for Forest Pest Management - Proceedings of a workshop of the Entomological Societies of Canada and British Columbia, Oct. 17, 1995, Victoria, B.C. (Eds. Shore, T.L. and Maclean, D.A.). FRDA Report No. 260. pp 31-41.Search in Google Scholar

ALFARO, R. I., F. HE, E. TOMLIN and G. KISS (1997): White spruce resistance to white pine weevil related to bark resin canal density. Can. J. Bot. 75: 568-573.10.1139/b97-063Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

BISHIR, J. and J. H. ROBERDS (1995): Analysis of time to failure in clonally propagated plant populations. Math. Biosci. 125: 109-125.10.1016/0025-5564(94)00030-4Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

BISHIR, J. and J. H. ROBERDS (1997): Limit theorems and a general framework for risk analysis in clonal forestry. Math. Biosci. 142: 1-11.Search in Google Scholar

BISHIR, J. and J. H. ROBERDS (1999): On numbers of clones needed for managing risks in clonal forestry. Forest Genet. 6: 149-155.Search in Google Scholar

BISHIR, J., K. R. POLSSON, J. RUSSELL and A. D. YANCHUK (2006): BC Weevil: A simulation model of the joint population dynamics between spruce weevil and Sitka spruce, over the lifetime of a plantation. (In preparation).Search in Google Scholar

BURKHART, H. E., K. D. FARRAR, R. L. AMATEIS and R. F. DANIELS (1987): Simulation of individual tree growth and development in loblolly pine plantations on cutover, site-prepared areas. Publication No. FWS-1-87, School of Forestry and Wildlife Resources, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.Search in Google Scholar

COULSON, R. N., R. M. FELDMAN, P. J. H. SHARPE, P. E. PULLEY, T. L. WAGNER and T. L. PAYNE (1989): An overview of the TAMBEETLE model of Dendroctonus frontalis population dynamics. Holarctic Ecology 12: 445-450.10.1111/j.1600-0587.1989.tb00921.xSearch in Google Scholar

DAVIS, P. M. and D.W. ONSTAD (2000): Seed mixtures as a resistant management strategy for European corn borers (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) infesting transgenic corn expressing Cry1Ab protein. J. Econ. Entom. 93: 937-948.Search in Google Scholar

DIXON, W. N. and M.W. HOUSEWEART (1982): Life tables of the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck), in central Maine. Environ. Entomol. 11: 555-564.10.1093/ee/11.3.555Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

DIXON, W. N. and M.W. HOUSEWEART (1983): Spring temporal and spatial activity patterns of adult white pine weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Maine. Environ. Entomol. 12: 43-49.Search in Google Scholar

GARA, R. I., R. L. CARLSON and B. F. HRUTFIORD (1971): Influence of some physical and host factors on the behaviour of the Sitka spruce weevil, Pissodes sitchensis, in south-western Washington. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 64: 467-471.Search in Google Scholar

GOULD, F. (1986): Simulation models for predicting durability of insect-resistant germplasm: Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)-resistant winter wheat. Environ. Entomol. 15: 10-23.10.1093/ee/15.1.11Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

HERMS, D. A. and W. J. MATTSON (1992): The dilemma of plants: to grow or defend. Quar. Rev. Biol. 67: 283-335.Search in Google Scholar

HARTL, D. L. and A. G. CLARK (1989): Principles of Population Genetics. Sinauer Assoc., Inc., Sunderland. 682 pp. Search in Google Scholar

KENNEDY, G. G. and J. D. BARBOUR (1992): Resistance variation in natural and managed systems. In: Plant resistance to herbivores and pathogens. (Eds. FRITZ, R. S. and SIMMS, E. L.) pp. 13-43. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, Il.Search in Google Scholar

KISS, G. and A. D. YANCHUK (1991): Preliminary evaluation of genetic variation of weevil resistance of interior spruce in British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 230-234.Search in Google Scholar

KING, J. N., A. D. YANCHUK, G. KISS and R. I. ALFARO (1997): Genetic and phenotypic relationships between weevil resistance and height growth in spruce populations of British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 27: 732-739.Search in Google Scholar

KING, J. N., R. I. ALFARO and C. CARTWRIGHT (2004): Genetic resistance of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) populations to the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi (Peck)): distribution of resistance. Forestry 77: 269-278.10.1093/forestry/77.4.269Search in Google Scholar

LI, C. C. (1977): Path analysis - a primer. 2nd Ed. Boxwood Press, Pacific Grove. 347 pp.Search in Google Scholar

LIBBY, W. J. (1982): What is a safe number of clones? In: Resistance to Disease and Pests in Forest Trees. (Eds. HEYBROEK, H., STEPHAN, B. and von WEISSENBERG, K.). Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on the Genetics of Host-Parasite Interactions in Forestry. pp. 342-360. Wageningen, The Netherlands, Sept. 1980.Search in Google Scholar

LIBBY, W. J. and R. M. RAUTER (1984): Advantages of clonal forestry. Forestry Chronicle. June, pp. 145-149.10.5558/tfc60145-3Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

LIBBY, W. J. (1990): Advantages of clonal forestry revisited. In: Section 5: Genetic Improvement, Vegetative Propagation: Proceedings of the Joint Meeting of Western Forest Genetics and IUFRO Working Parties S.2.02-05, -06, -12, -14, Douglas-fir, Contorta Pine, Sitka Spruce and Abies Genetic Research, 20-24 Aug. 1990, Olympia, WA. pp. 18-29.Search in Google Scholar

LIH, M. P., F. M. STEPHEN and K. J. JENG (1995): SPBMODEL A User’s Guide. Offprint, Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.Search in Google Scholar

LINDGREN, D. and F. PRESCHER (2005). Optimal clone numbers for seed orchards with tested clones. Silvae Genetica. 54: 80-92.Search in Google Scholar

MCMULLEN, L. H. (1976): Effect of temperature on oviposition and brood development of Pissodes strobi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Can. Ent. 108: 1167-1172.10.4039/Ent1081167-11Search in Google Scholar

MITCHELL, K. J. (1975): Dynamics and simulated yield of Douglas-fir. For. Sci. Monogr. 17. 39 pp.Search in Google Scholar

MITCHELL, K. J. and I. R. CAMERON (1985): Managed stand yield tables for coastal Douglas-fir: initial density and precommercial thinning. Land Management Report No. 31. Province of British Columbia.Search in Google Scholar

MITCHELL, K. J., R. M. KELLOGG and K. R. POLSSON (1989): Silvicultural treatments and end-product value. In: Second growth Douglas-fir: Its management and conversion for value. A report of the Douglas-fir Task Force, (Ed. KELLOGG, R. M.). Forintek Canada Corp. Spec. Publ. No. SP-32, Vancouver, B.C. pp. 130-167.Search in Google Scholar

MUHS, H.-J. (1993): Policies, regulations and laws affecting clonal forestry. In: Clonal Forestry, Vol. 2 (Eds. AHUJA, M. and LIBBY, W. J.) pp. 215-227. Springer-Verlag.10.1007/978-3-642-84813-1_13Search in Google Scholar

OVERHULSER, D. L. and R. I. GARA (1981): Site and host factors affecting the Sitka spruce weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck), in western Washington. Environ. Entomol. 10: 611-614.Search in Google Scholar

PILSON, D. (2000): The evolution of plant response to herbivory: simultaneously considering resistance and tolerance in Brassica rapa. Evol. Ecol. 14: 457-489.Search in Google Scholar

POWELL, J. A., J. A. LOGAN and B. J. BENTZ (1996): Local projections for a global model of mountain pine beetle attacks. J. Theor. Biol. 179: 243-260.Search in Google Scholar

ROBERDS, J. H., G. NAMKOONG and T. SKROPPA (1990): Genetic analysis of risk in clonal populations of forest trees. Theor. Appl. Genet. 79: 841-848.Search in Google Scholar

ROBERDS, J. H. and J. BISHIR (1997): Risk analyses in clonal forestry. Can. J. For. Res. 27: 425-432.Search in Google Scholar

SAHOTA, T., J. F. MANVILLE and E. WHITE (1994): Interaction between Sitka spruce weevil and its host, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.: A new mechanism for resistance. Can. Entom. 126: 1067-1074.Search in Google Scholar

SAS INSTITUTE INC. (1999-2001): Release 8.02e. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina.Search in Google Scholar

SILVER, G. T. (1968): Studies on the Sitka spruce weevil, Pissodes sitchensis, in British Columbia. Can. Entom. 100: 93-110.Search in Google Scholar

STEPHEN, F. M. and M. P. LIH (1985): A Dendroctonus frontalis infestation growth model: organization, refinement, and utilization, pp. 186-194. In: (Eds. BRANHAM, S. B. and THATCHER, R. C.). Integrated Pest Management Research Symposium: The Proceedings. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service, Asheville, NC., USA, General Technical Report SO-56.Search in Google Scholar

STEVENSON, R. E. (1967): Notes on the biology of the Engelmann spruce weevil, Pissodes engelmannii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and its parasites and predators. Can. Ent. 99: 201-213.10.4039/Ent99201-2Search in Google Scholar

STORER, N. P., S. L. PECK, F. GOULD, J.W. VAN DUYN and G. G. KENNEDY (2003): Spatial processes in the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bt transgenic corn and cotton in a mixed agroecosystem: a biology-rich stochastic simulation model. Jour. Econ. Ent. 96: 156-172.Search in Google Scholar

SULLIVAN, C. R. (1960): The effect of physical factors on the activity and development of adults and larvae of the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck). Can. Ent. 92: 732-745.10.4039/Ent92732-10Search in Google Scholar

TANG, J. E., H. L. COLLINS, T. D. METZ, E. D. EARLE, J. Z. ZHAO, R. T. ROUSH and A. M. SHELTON (2001): Greenhouse tests on resistance management of Bt transgenic plants using refuge strategies. J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 240-247.10.1603/0022-0493-94.1.24011233120Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

TOMLIN, E. S. and J. H. BORDEN (1996): Feeding responses of the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in relation to host resistance in British Columbia. Can. Ent. 128: 539-543.10.4039/Ent128539-4Search in Google Scholar

TOMLIN, E. S., R. I. ALFARO, J. H. BORDEN and F. HE (1997): Histological response of resistant and susceptible white spruce to simulated white pine damage. Tree Physiol. 18: 21-28.10.1093/treephys/18.1.2112651295Search in Google Scholar

TOMLIN, E. S., E. ANTONEJEVIC, R. I. ALFARO and J. H. BORDEN (2000): Changes in volatile terpene and diterpene resin acid composition of resistant and susceptible white spruce leaders exposed to simulated white pine weevil damage. Tree Physiol. 20: 1087-1095.10.1093/treephys/20.16.108711269960Open DOISearch in Google Scholar