Procalcitonin as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in diabetic foot infection. A current literature review

1. SINGH N, ARMSTRONG DG, LIPSKY BA. Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. JAMA 2005; 293:217–28.10.1001/jama.293.2.217Search in Google Scholar

2. GIURATO L, MELONI M, IZZO V, et al. Osteomyelitis in diabetic foot: A comprehensive overview. World J. Diabetes 2017; 8:135–142.Search in Google Scholar

3. LIPSKY BA, BERENDT AR, DEERY HG, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004; 39:885–910.Search in Google Scholar

4. SCHNEIDER H-G, LAM QT. Procalcitonin for the clinical laboratory: a review. Pathology 2007; 39:383–90.Search in Google Scholar

5. SCHUETZ P, CHRIST-CRAIN M, MÜLLER B. Procalcitonin and other biomarkers to improve assessment and antibiotic stewardship in infections--hope for hype? Swiss Med. Wkly. 2009; 139:318–26.Search in Google Scholar

6. HAUSFATER P. Le dosage de la procalcitonine en pratique clinique chez l’adulte. La Rev. Médecine Interne 2007; 28:296–305.10.1016/j.revmed.2006.11.003Search in Google Scholar

7. DINH T, SNYDER G, VEVES A. Current techniques to detect foot infection in the diabetic patient. Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds 2010; 9:24–30.Search in Google Scholar

8. GLAUDEMANS AWJM, UÇKAY I, LIPSKY BA. Challenges in diagnosing infection in the diabetic foot. Diabet. Med.2015; 32:748–59.Search in Google Scholar

9. MASSARA M, DE CARIDI G, SERRA R, et al. The role of procalcitonin as a marker of diabetic foot ulcer infection. Int. Wound J. 2017;14:31–34.10.1111/iwj.12536Search in Google Scholar

10. PICHU S, PATEL BM, APPARSUNDARAM S, et al. Role of biomarkers in predicting diabetes complications with special reference to diabetic foot ulcers. Biomark. Med. 2017; 11:377–88.Search in Google Scholar

11. VAN ASTEN SA, NICHOLS A, LA FONTAINE J, et al. The value of inflammatory markers to diagnose and monitor diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Int. Wound J. 2017; 14:40–45.10.1111/iwj.12545Search in Google Scholar

12. DELEVAUX I, ANDRE M, COLOMBIER M, et al. Can procalcitonin measurement help in differentiating between bacterial infection and other kinds of inflammatory processes? Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2003; 62:337–40.10.1136/ard.62.4.337Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

13. SIMON L, GAUVIN F, AMRE DK, et al. Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004; 39:206–17.Search in Google Scholar

14. CHRIST-CRAIN M, MÜLLER B. Procalcitonin in bacterial infections--hype, hope, more or less? Swiss Med. Wkly. 2005; 135:451–60.Search in Google Scholar

15. ASSICOT M, GENDREL D, CARSIN H, et al. High serum procalcitonin concentrations in patients with sepsis and infection. Lancet (London, England) 1993; 341:515–8.10.1016/0140-6736(93)90277-NSearch in Google Scholar

16. AL-SHAMMAREE SW, ABU-ALKASEEM B, SALMAN I. Procalcitonin levels and other biochemical parameters in patients with or without diabetic foot complications. J. Res. Med. Sci.2017; 22:95.10.4103/jrms.JRMS_906_16Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

17. UMAPATHY D, DORNADULA S, RAJAGOPALAN A, et al. Potential of circulatory procalcitonin as a biomarker reflecting inflammation among South Indian diabetic foot ulcers. J. Vasc. Surg. 2017; pii: S0741-5214 (17) 31127-8 (epub ahead of print).Search in Google Scholar

18. INGRAM JR, CAWLEY S, COULMAN E, et al. Levels of wound calprotectin and other inflammatory biomarkers aid in deciding which patients with a diabetic foot ulcer need antibiotic therapy (INDUCE study).Diabet. Med.2017 doi: 10.1111/dme.13431 (epub ahead of print).10.1111/dme.13431(epubaheadofprint)Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

19. YANG Q, CAO Y, FANG Y, et al. The influence of different debridement methods on the prognosis of elderly patients with diabetic foot ulcers and sepsis. Minerva Chir. 2017; 72:200–5.10.23736/S0026-4733.16.07157-127459373Search in Google Scholar

20. PARK JH, SUH DH, KIM HJ, et al. Role of procalcitonin in infected diabetic foot ulcer. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract.2017; 128:51–7.Search in Google Scholar

21. REINER MM, KHOURY WE, CANALES MB, et al. Procalcitonin as a biomarker for predicting amputation level in lower extremity infections. J. Foot Ankle Surg. 2017; 56:484–91.10.1053/j.jfas.2017.01.01428341493Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

22. KARAKAS A, ARSLAN E, CAKMAK T, et al. Predictive value of soluble CD14, Interleukin-6 and Procalcitonin for lower extremity amputation in people with diabetes with foot ulcers: A pilot study. Pakistan J. Med. Sci. 2014; 30:578–82.Search in Google Scholar

23. JONAIDI JAFARI N, SAFAEE FIROUZABADI M, IZADI M, et al. Can procalcitonin be an accurate diagnostic marker for the classification of diabetic foot ulcers? Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab. 2014; 12:e13376.10.5812/ijem.13376396899824696696Search in Google Scholar

24. MICHAIL M, JUDE E, LIASKOS C, et al. The performance of serum inflammatory markers for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with osteomyelitis. Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds 2013; 12:94–9.Search in Google Scholar

25. ALTAY FA, SENCAN İ, ŞENTÜRK GÇ, et al. Does treatment affect the levels of serum interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and procalcitonin in diabetic foot infection? A pilot study. J. Diabetes Complications 2012; 26:214–8.10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.03.01822521320Search in Google Scholar

26. MUTLUOĞLU M, UZUN G, İPCIOGLU OM, et al. Can procalcitonin predict bone infection in people with diabetes with infected foot ulcers? A pilot study. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2011; 94:53–6.10.1016/j.diabres.2011.05.02321658786Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

27. JEANDROT A, RICHARD J-L, COMBESCURE C, et al. Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein concentrations to distinguish mildly infected from non-infected diabetic foot ulcers: a pilot study. Diabetologia 2008; 51:347–52.10.1007/s00125-007-0840-8474966717934713Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

28. UZUN G, SOLMAZGUL E, CURUKSULU H, et al. Procalcitonin as a diagnostic aid in diabetic foot infections. Tohoku J. Exp. Med 2007; 213:305–12.Search in Google Scholar

29. VICTORIA VAN ASTEN SA, GERADUS PETERS EJ, XI Y, et al. The role of biomarkers to diagnose diabetic foot osteomyelitis. A Meta-analysis. Curr. Diabetes Rev. 2016; 12:396–402.10.2174/157339981166615071310440126166314Open DOISearch in Google Scholar