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Reduction of nutrient emission from Polish territory into the Baltic Sea (1988–2014) confronted with real environmental needs and international requirements

Marianna Pastuszak
Marianna Pastuszak
, 
Andreas C. Bryhn
Andreas C. Bryhn
, 
Lars Håkanson
Lars Håkanson
, 
Per Stålnacke
Per Stålnacke
, 
Mariusz Zalewski
Mariusz Zalewski
 et 
Tycjan Wodzinowski
Tycjan Wodzinowski
   | 18 juin 2018
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Article Category: Original research paper
Publié en ligne: 18 juin 2018
Pages: 140 - 166
Reçu: 30 août 2017
Accepté: 30 oct. 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2018-0015
© 2018 Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

The Baltic Sea catchment and the location of the investigated Vistula and Oder basins; two dots in the upper map indicate the lowermost Oder (Krajnik Dolny) and Vistula (Kiezmark) monitoring stations (source: the upper part of the combined map was produced and kindly made available by Dr. Erik Smedberg from BNI, Stockholm University, Sweden)
The Baltic Sea catchment and the location of the investigated Vistula and Oder basins; two dots in the upper map indicate the lowermost Oder (Krajnik Dolny) and Vistula (Kiezmark) monitoring stations (source: the upper part of the combined map was produced and kindly made available by Dr. Erik Smedberg from BNI, Stockholm University, Sweden)

Figure 2

Average monthly water flows in the Vistula and Oder River in 1988–2014 (please note different scales)
Average monthly water flows in the Vistula and Oder River in 1988–2014 (please note different scales)

Figure 3

Seasonal variability of water flow in the Vistula and Oder River in 2000–2014 (please note different scales)
Seasonal variability of water flow in the Vistula and Oder River in 2000–2014 (please note different scales)

Figure 4

Estimated and flow normalized loads of nitrogen species at the lowermost river monitoring stations on the Vistula and Oder River in 1988–2014 (please note different scales)
Estimated and flow normalized loads of nitrogen species at the lowermost river monitoring stations on the Vistula and Oder River in 1988–2014 (please note different scales)

Figure 5

Concentrations of nitrogen species at the lowermost river monitoring stations on the Vistula and Oder River in 1988–2014;red lines in the TN graph indicate the calculated target concentrations with adopted HELCOM load reduction; green lines indicate target concentrations established for lowland large rivers (type 21; good ecological status acc. to the WFD) (see the Discussion; please note different scales)
Concentrations of nitrogen species at the lowermost river monitoring stations on the Vistula and Oder River in 1988–2014;red lines in the TN graph indicate the calculated target concentrations with adopted HELCOM load reduction; green lines indicate target concentrations established for lowland large rivers (type 21; good ecological status acc. to the WFD) (see the Discussion; please note different scales)

Figure 6

Estimated and flow normalized loads of phosphorus species at the lowermost river monitoring stations on the Vistula and Oder River in 1988–2014 (please note different scales)
Estimated and flow normalized loads of phosphorus species at the lowermost river monitoring stations on the Vistula and Oder River in 1988–2014 (please note different scales)

Figure 7

Concentrations of phosphorus species at the lowermost river monitoring stations on the Vistula and Oder River in 1988–2014; red lines in the TP graph indicate the calculated target concentrations with adopted HELCOM load reduction; green lines indicate target concentrations established for lowland large rivers (type 21; good ecological status acc. to the WFD) (see the Discussion; please note different scales)
Concentrations of phosphorus species at the lowermost river monitoring stations on the Vistula and Oder River in 1988–2014; red lines in the TP graph indicate the calculated target concentrations with adopted HELCOM load reduction; green lines indicate target concentrations established for lowland large rivers (type 21; good ecological status acc. to the WFD) (see the Discussion; please note different scales)

Figure 8

Concentrations of the phosphorus species at the lowermost river monitoring stations on the Vistula and Oder River in 1990–2014
Concentrations of the phosphorus species at the lowermost river monitoring stations on the Vistula and Oder River in 1990–2014

Figure 9

Average chlorophyll a concentrations (mg m-3) (mg m-3 = pg dm-3) in the summer season (July-September) in the 0–10 m layer in 1970–1975, 1981–1986, 1987–1991 (dots in the maps indicate sampled oceanographic stations) and vertical profiles of chlorophyll a concentrations (mg m-3) measured in June and August 2014 at oceanographic stations marked with asterisks (source: Renk 2000; Pastuszak et al. 2016; NMFRI data and publications)
Average chlorophyll a concentrations (mg m-3) (mg m-3 = pg dm-3) in the summer season (July-September) in the 0–10 m layer in 1970–1975, 1981–1986, 1987–1991 (dots in the maps indicate sampled oceanographic stations) and vertical profiles of chlorophyll a concentrations (mg m-3) measured in June and August 2014 at oceanographic stations marked with asterisks (source: Renk 2000; Pastuszak et al. 2016; NMFRI data and publications)

Figure 10

Top-down and bottom-up cascades and their interrelations in the Baltic Sea – biotic and abiotic parameters (source: graph was prepared based on the knowledge derived from the following publications: Alheit et al. 2004; 2005; Casini 2011; Casini et al. 2008; Cardinale & Arrhenius 2000; Cardinale et al. 2002; 2009; Conley et al. 2008; Dascalov 2002; 2011; Diekmann & Möllmann 2010; Flinkman et al. 1998; Håkanson et al. 2010; Hansson & Andersson 2015; Hare & Mantua 2000; Hinrichsen et al. 2002; Hurrell 1995; ICES 2011; Köster & Möllmann 2000; Köster et al. 2003; 2005; Lees et al. 2006; Mayer & Rietkerk 2004; Meier & Kauker 2003; Mohrholz et al. 2015; Möllmann 2011; Möllmann & Köster 1999; 2002; Möllmann et al. 2000; 2003; 2004; 2005; 2009; Overland et al. 2008; Rahm et al. 1996; Rönkkönen et al. 2004; Scheffer & Carpenter 2003; Schinke & Matthäus 1998; Scheffer et al. 2001; Wanner et al. 2001; Wasmund & Uhlig 2003)
Top-down and bottom-up cascades and their interrelations in the Baltic Sea – biotic and abiotic parameters (source: graph was prepared based on the knowledge derived from the following publications: Alheit et al. 2004; 2005; Casini 2011; Casini et al. 2008; Cardinale & Arrhenius 2000; Cardinale et al. 2002; 2009; Conley et al. 2008; Dascalov 2002; 2011; Diekmann & Möllmann 2010; Flinkman et al. 1998; Håkanson et al. 2010; Hansson & Andersson 2015; Hare & Mantua 2000; Hinrichsen et al. 2002; Hurrell 1995; ICES 2011; Köster & Möllmann 2000; Köster et al. 2003; 2005; Lees et al. 2006; Mayer & Rietkerk 2004; Meier & Kauker 2003; Mohrholz et al. 2015; Möllmann 2011; Möllmann & Köster 1999; 2002; Möllmann et al. 2000; 2003; 2004; 2005; 2009; Overland et al. 2008; Rahm et al. 1996; Rönkkönen et al. 2004; Scheffer & Carpenter 2003; Schinke & Matthäus 1998; Scheffer et al. 2001; Wanner et al. 2001; Wasmund & Uhlig 2003)

Average annual primary production [g C m−2 yr−1] in different regions of the Baltic Sea in 1954–2013 (source: Renk 2000 – publication of NMFRI; unpublished data of NMFRI)

Area Study period Primary Production Author(s)
Kattegat 1954–1960 97.5 Steemann Nielsen 1965
1964–1969 90.4 Gargas et al. 1978
1988–1990 290 Richardson & Christoffersen 1991
Belt Sea 1953–1957 86 Steemann Nielsen 1965
1975–1977 116.5 Gargas et al. 1978
Belt Sea – Sound 1972 70–77 Edler 1978
1973 73–183
Belt Sea – Kiel Bight 1971–1793 158 Bodungen et al. 1975
Bornholm Basin – Arkona Deep 1971–1974 85 Renk 1983
1967–1978 94.3 Schulz & Kaiser 1973 and 1976
Bornholm Basin – Mecklenburg Bight 1969–1978 130 Kaiser et al. 1981
Bornholm Basin – Bornholm Deep 1967–1972 59–138 Schulz & Kaiser 1974 and 1975
1971–1975 95 Renk 1983
1987–1991 123 Renk 1997
Gulf of Gdansk 1971–1974 140
1987 304
2004–2013 138–285 unpublished data, NMFRI
average: 229
Gulf of Gdańsk – Puck Bay 1965–1991 198 Renk 1997
Gulf of Gdańsk – Gdansk Deep 1971–1974 107
1981–1985 129
1987–1991 172
Gotlańd Basin – Gotlańd Deep 1970 38 Schulz & Kaiser 1973
1973 91 Ackefors & Lindahl 1975
1974 116 Lindahl 1977
1987–1991 141 Renk 1991 and 1997
Aland Sea 1974–1976 66–94 Lindahl 1977
Bothnian Bay 1973–1974 18–70
Gulf of Finland 1967–1971 30–65 Niemi 1975; Bagge & Niemi 1971
78 Forsskåhl et al. 1982
Gulf of Finland – Helsinki area 1968 150–200 Bagge & Lehmusluoto 1971

Country allocation of nutrient load reduction acc. to Country Allocated Reduction Target (CART) (HELCOM 2013a,b) and regional allocation of TP load reduction acc. to Håkanson et al. (2010)

Country HELCOM (2013a,b) approach Håkanson et al. (2010) approach
CARTTN [tons yr-1] CART TP [tons yr-1] Percentage contribution Region TP [tons yr-1] TN [tons yr-1]
TN TP
Denmark 2890 38 3.24 0.26 Bothnian Sea Not needed Reduction not recommended by the authors
Germany 7670 170 8.59 1.18
Poland 43 610 7480 48.86 52.04 Bothnian Bay Not needed
Lithuania 8970 1470 10.05 10.23
Latvia 1670 220 1.87 1.53 Gulf of Finland 3180
Estonia 1800 320 2.02 2.23
Russia 10 380 3790 11.63 26.36 Gulf of Riga 550
Finland 3030 356 3.39 2.48
Sweden 9240 530 10.35 3.69 Baltic Proper 5000
Sum 89 260 14 374 100.00 100.00 8730

Annual primary production [g C m-2 yr-1] in various regions of the Baltic Sea and various periods of time (source: Renk 2000 – publication of NMFRI)

Area Study period
1971–1974 1981–1985 1987–1991 1994–1998
Gulf of Gdańsk (average value) 140 156
Gulf of Gdańsk (Gdansk Deep) 107 129 172 190
Bornholm Basin (Bornholm Deep) 82 91 123 164
Gotland Basin (Gotland Deep) 92 116 141 140
Słupsk Furrow 88 103

Combined flow normalized TN and TP loads discharged by the Vistula, the Oder, and the Pomeranian rivers in the reference period (1997–2003) and in 2012–2014, and the difference in loads in these two periods (yellow columns); maximum loads observed in 1992–1994 (TN) and 1988–1991 (TP), and the difference between maximum loads and those in 2012–2014 (green columns); allocation of load reduction acc. to BSAP (HELCOM 2013b) (red column)

Nitrogen, phosphorus loads In 1997–2003 In 2012–2014 Difference between 1997–2003 and 2012–2014 Maximal observed (years in brackets) Difference between max. observed and 2012–2014 BSAP Poland
tons yr-1
TN 169648 140 372 29 276 209 243 (1992–1994) 68 871 43 610
TP 11 548 8990 2558 14 903 (1988–1991) 5913 7480

Eutrophication indicators in the brackish water systems (salinity 5–20 PSU) for four specified trophic states (source: Nixon 1995; Håkanson & Bryhn 2008)

Trophic state Håkanson and Bryhn (2008) Nixon (1995)
Secchi depth Chl-a TN TP Cyanobacteria Organic carbon supply
m μg l-1 μg wm l-1 g C m-2 yr-1
Oligotrophic > 8 < 2 < 70 < 10 < 9.5 < 100
Mesotrophic 4.5–8 2–6 70–220 10–30 9.5–380 100–300
Eutrophic 1.5–4.5 6–20 220–650 30–90 380–2500 301–500
Hypertrophic < 1.5 > 20 > 650 > 90 > 2500 > 500

Average combined flow normalized TN and TP loads, calculated for the reference period (1997–2003) for the Vistula and the Oder, and approximated for Polish rivers directly feeding the Baltic Sea, and target TN and TP concentrations at CART assumptions (Table 2); concentrations in brackets are offcially accepted maximum allowable values, meeting the good ecological status specified in WFD (Garcia et al. 2012)

Average flow normalized TN loads Average flow normalized TP loads Target CART and max allowable WFD concentrations TN Target CART and max allowable WFD concentrations TP Target CART and max allowable WFD concentrations TN Target CART and max allowable WFD concentrations TP
Vistula + Oder + other rivers Vist Oder
tons N yr-1 tons P yr-1 mg dm-3
94 794 + 57 220 + 17 634 = 169 648 6250+4116+1182= 11 548 2.06

target TN concentrations could be slightly lower if we took into account the reduction of direct atmospheric deposition to the Baltic Sea by Poland;

 (4.00)		 0.067 (0.29) 2.57

target TN concentrations could be slightly lower if we took into account the reduction of direct atmospheric deposition to the Baltic Sea by Poland;

(4.00)		 0.083 (0.29)
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