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Underwater noise emitted during small-scale air entrainment events

Justyna Szuszkiewicz
Justyna Szuszkiewicz
 et 
Zygmunt Klusek
Zygmunt Klusek
   | 13 mars 2018
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Article Category: Short communication
Publié en ligne: 13 mars 2018
Pages: 87 - 97
Reçu: 05 juil. 2017
Accepté: 29 sept. 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2018-0010
© 2018 Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Scheme of the conducted experiment: 1, 2, 3, 4 – hydrophones, 5 – tipping trough used for wave generation, 6 – microbubbles generator, 7 – camera
Scheme of the conducted experiment: 1, 2, 3, 4 – hydrophones, 5 – tipping trough used for wave generation, 6 – microbubbles generator, 7 – camera

Figure 2

Comparison of the camera images of bubble plumes generated from 0.05 m of the tipping trough height for fresh water (a), fresh water with surfactant (b), saline water (c) and saline water with small bubbles (d)
Comparison of the camera images of bubble plumes generated from 0.05 m of the tipping trough height for fresh water (a), fresh water with surfactant (b), saline water (c) and saline water with small bubbles (d)

Figure 3

Time series of sound pressure recorded at four hydrophones. Numbering of hydrophones as in Fig. 1
Time series of sound pressure recorded at four hydrophones. Numbering of hydrophones as in Fig. 1

Figure 4

Averaged power spectra of underwater noise for each experiment case (upper part) with four examples of single events in fresh water (a), fresh water with surfactant (b), saline water (c), saline water with microbubbles (d) for 0.05 m height of the tipping trough
Averaged power spectra of underwater noise for each experiment case (upper part) with four examples of single events in fresh water (a), fresh water with surfactant (b), saline water (c), saline water with microbubbles (d) for 0.05 m height of the tipping trough

Figure 5

Spectrograms of averaged noise registered for 0.05 m height of the tipping trough in fresh water (a), water with surfactant (b), saline water (c) and water during the electrolysis process (d)
Spectrograms of averaged noise registered for 0.05 m height of the tipping trough in fresh water (a), water with surfactant (b), saline water (c) and water during the electrolysis process (d)

Figure 6

Total acoustic energy registered from a single air entrainment event as a function of the tipping trough elevation for fresh water (1), water with surfactant (2), saline water (3) and water during the electrolysis process (4)
Total acoustic energy registered from a single air entrainment event as a function of the tipping trough elevation for fresh water (1), water with surfactant (2), saline water (3) and water during the electrolysis process (4)

Figure 7

Comparison of averaged NSL in third-octave bands for 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05 m height of the tipping trough for fresh water (a) and saline water (b)
Comparison of averaged NSL in third-octave bands for 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05 m height of the tipping trough for fresh water (a) and saline water (b)

Figure 8

Comparison of averaged NSL in third-octave bands for 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05 m height of the tipping trough for saline water (a) and during the electrolysis process in saline water (b)
Comparison of averaged NSL in third-octave bands for 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05 m height of the tipping trough for saline water (a) and during the electrolysis process in saline water (b)

Figure 9

Resonant frequencies of the first three mixed modes in the tank
Resonant frequencies of the first three mixed modes in the tank

The number of air entrainment events under different water conditions performed for particular heights of the tipping trough edge above the water surface

Tipping trough height above the water surface Fresh water Fresh water with surfactant Saline water (8.5 PSU) Saline water with microbubbles
0.02 m 9 - 7 8
0.03 m 9 7 7 7
0.04 m - 6 7 7
0.05 m 9 6 9 8
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