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Microbial and classic food web components under ice cover in eutrophic lakes of different morphometry and fisheries management

Krystyna Kalinowska
Krystyna Kalinowska
, 
Agnieszka Napiórkowska-Krzebietke
Agnieszka Napiórkowska-Krzebietke
, 
Elżbieta Bogacka-Kapusta
Elżbieta Bogacka-Kapusta
, 
Joanna Hutorowicz
Joanna Hutorowicz
, 
Jakub Pyka
Jakub Pyka
, 
Konrad Stawecki
Konrad Stawecki
, 
Andrzej Kapusta
Andrzej Kapusta
 et 
Łucjan Chybowski
Łucjan Chybowski
   | 27 sept. 2017
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Article Category: Original research paper
Publié en ligne: 27 sept. 2017
Pages: 271 - 282
Reçu: 28 nov. 2016
Accepté: 16 janv. 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2017-0029
© 2017 Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland. All rights reserved
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

The numbers (A) and biomass (B) of nanoflaagellates, with autotrophic (ANF) and heterotrophic (HNF) cells marked, during the ice-covered period in the eutrophic Masurian lakes. Mean values from four sampling datasets with standard deviations for the total numbers and biomass.
The numbers (A) and biomass (B) of nanoflaagellates, with autotrophic (ANF) and heterotrophic (HNF) cells marked, during the ice-covered period in the eutrophic Masurian lakes. Mean values from four sampling datasets with standard deviations for the total numbers and biomass.

Figure 2

The numbers (A) and biomass (B) of ciliates, with taxonomic groups marked, during the ice-covered period in the eutrophic Masurian lakes. Mean values from four sampling datasets with standard deviations for the total numbers and biomass.
The numbers (A) and biomass (B) of ciliates, with taxonomic groups marked, during the ice-covered period in the eutrophic Masurian lakes. Mean values from four sampling datasets with standard deviations for the total numbers and biomass.

Figure 3

The numbers (A) and biomass (B) of phytoplankton, with taxonomic groups marked, during the ice-covered period in the eutrophic Masurian lakes. Mean values from four sampling datasets with standard deviations for the total numbers and biomass.
The numbers (A) and biomass (B) of phytoplankton, with taxonomic groups marked, during the ice-covered period in the eutrophic Masurian lakes. Mean values from four sampling datasets with standard deviations for the total numbers and biomass.

Figure 4

The numbers (A) and biomass (B) of rotifers, with dominant taxa marked, during the ice-covered period in the eutrophic Masurian lakes. Mean values from three sampling datasets with standard deviations for the total numbers and biomass.
The numbers (A) and biomass (B) of rotifers, with dominant taxa marked, during the ice-covered period in the eutrophic Masurian lakes. Mean values from three sampling datasets with standard deviations for the total numbers and biomass.

Figure 5

The numbers (A) and biomass (B) of crustaceans, with cladocerans and copepods marked, during the ice-covered period in the eutrophic Masurian lakes. Mean values from three sampling datasets with standard deviations for the total numbers and biomass.
The numbers (A) and biomass (B) of crustaceans, with cladocerans and copepods marked, during the ice-covered period in the eutrophic Masurian lakes. Mean values from three sampling datasets with standard deviations for the total numbers and biomass.

Figure 6

The relationships between abiotic and biotic components based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). A – ordination diagram, B – classification of samples. Ice – ice cover, DOC, POC, TOC – forms of carbon, TP, TN – total phosphorus and nitrogen, Chl a – chlorophyll a, N-NF, B-NF, N-Cil, B-Cil, N-Phy, B-Phy, N-Rot, B-Rot, N-Cru, B-Cru – the numbers and biomass of nanoflagellates, ciliates, phytoplankton, rotifers, and crustaceans, respectively. W, DW, DM – lakes Warniak, Dgał Wielki and Dgał Mały with sampling dates
The relationships between abiotic and biotic components based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). A – ordination diagram, B – classification of samples. Ice – ice cover, DOC, POC, TOC – forms of carbon, TP, TN – total phosphorus and nitrogen, Chl a – chlorophyll a, N-NF, B-NF, N-Cil, B-Cil, N-Phy, B-Phy, N-Rot, B-Rot, N-Cru, B-Cru – the numbers and biomass of nanoflagellates, ciliates, phytoplankton, rotifers, and crustaceans, respectively. W, DW, DM – lakes Warniak, Dgał Wielki and Dgał Mały with sampling dates

Morphometric characteristics of the studied Masurian lakes.

Lake Area (ha) Max depth (m) Mean depth (m) Max length (m) Max width (m) Mixing type
Warniak 38.4 3.7 1.2 1000 500 polymictic
Dgat Wielki 93.9 18.8 5.7 1275 1110 dimictic
Dgat Maty 14.4 15.8 4.6 670 295 dimictic

Chemical parameters during the ice-covered period in the eutrophic Masurian lakes. Mean values with standard deviations and ranges in parentheses.

Lake DOC (mg l−1) POC (mg l−1) TP (µg l−1) TN (mg l−1) Chl a (µg l−1)
Warniak 4.78 ± 0.77 (3.75-5.60) 0.23 ± 0.13 (0.10-0.37) 63 ± 7 (56-72) 0.97 ± 0.10 (0.87-1.10) 3.28 ±1.12 (2.46-4.92)
Dgat Wielki 4.81 ± 0.61 (4.31-5.69) 0.34 ± 0.16 (0.19-0.57) 94 ± 19 (75-118) 1.04 ± 0.15 (0.91-1.22) 6.45 ± 1.09 (5.2-7.78)
Dgat Maty 5.71 ± 1.62 (4.23-7.50) 0.45 ± 0.11 (0.29-0.52) 105 ± 19 (81-128) 1.24 ± 0.08 (1.12-1.30) 15.47 ± 8.63 (5.32-24.78)

Mean (from three sampling dates) biomass (in µg C l−1) of autotrophic (A) and heterotrophic (H) organisms during the ice-covered period in the eutrophic Masurian lakes.

Organisms Warniak % Dgał Wielki % Dgał Mały %
Autotropic biomass
Phytoplankton 100.7 76.2 255.5 91.5 501.6 82.3
ANF 31.4 23.8 23.6 8.5 107.6 17.7
   TOTAL 132.1 279.1 609.2
Heterotrophic biomass
HNF 30.8 16.0 39.8 51.3 40.2 19.6
Ciliates 5.1 2.7 5.7 7.4 13.7 6.7
Rotifers 5.2 2.7 13.9 17.9 36.6 17.8
Crustaceans 151.2 78.6 18.1 23.4 114.8 55.9
   TOTAL 192.3 77.5 205.3
A/H biomass ratio 0.7 3.6 3.0
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