[Abu N, Karim MZA, Aziz MIA. 2014. Low savings rates in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): The role of the political instability-income interaction. South East European Journal of Economics and Business, 8(2), 53-63.]Search in Google Scholar
[Afolabi LO, Bakar NAA, Aziz MIA. 2016. Openness And Ecowas Regional Trade: A Panel Cointegration Analysis Using A Gravity Model. Aktual’ni Problemy Ekonomiky= Actual Problems in Economics(177), 319.]Search in Google Scholar
[Aitken ND. 1973. The effect of the EEC and EFTA on European trade: A temporal cross-section analysis. The American Economic Review, 881-892.]Search in Google Scholar
[Aitken ND, Obutelewicz RS. 1976. A Cross-sectional Study of EEC Trade with the Association of African Countries. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 58(4), 425. doi: 10.2307/193587410.2307/1935874]Search in Google Scholar
[Anderson J, van Wincoop E. 2001. Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle: National Bureau of Economic Research.10.3386/w8079]Search in Google Scholar
[Anderson J, Yotov Y. 2012. Gold Standard Gravity: National Bureau of Economic Research.10.3386/w17835]Search in Google Scholar
[Anderson JE, van Wincoop E. 2003. Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle, American Economic Review. March, 93(1), 170.]Search in Google Scholar
[Bagwell K, Staiger RW. 1998. Will preferential agreements undermine the multilateral trading system? The Economic Journal, 108(449), 1162-1182.]Search in Google Scholar
[Baier SL, Bergstrand JH. 2007. Do free trade agreements actually increase members’ international trade? Journal of International Economics, 71(1), 72-95. doi: 10.1016/j. jinteco.2006.02.005]Search in Google Scholar
[Balassa B, Linnemann H. 1968. An Econometric Study of International Trade Flows. Econometrica, 36(2), 432. doi: 10.2307/190750810.2307/1907508]Search in Google Scholar
[Baldwin R. 1993. A domino theory of regionalism: National Bureau of Economic Research.10.3386/w4465]Search in Google Scholar
[Baldwin R, Taglioni D. 2006. Gravity for Dummies and Dummies for Gravity Equations: National Bureau of Economic Research.10.3386/w12516]Search in Google Scholar
[Bergstrand, J. H. 1985. The gravity equation in international trade: some microeconomic foundations and empirical evidence. The review of economics and statistics, 474-481.]Search in Google Scholar
[Bergstrand JH. 1989. The Generalized Gravity Equation, Monopolistic Competition, and the Factor-Proportions Theory in International Trade. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 71(1), 143. doi: 10.2307/192806110.2307/1928061]Search in Google Scholar
[Bergstrand JH. 1990. The Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson Model, The Linder Hypothesis and the Determinants of Bilateral Intra-Industry Trade. The Economic Journal, 100(403), 1216. doi: 10.2307/223396910.2307/2233969]Search in Google Scholar
[Bhagwati J. 1993. Regionalism and multilateralism: an overview. New dimensions in regional integration, 22, 51.]Search in Google Scholar
[Blomqvist HC. 2004. Explaining Trade Flows of Singapore. Asian Economic Journal, 18(1), 25-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8381.2004.00180.x10.1111/j.1467-8381.2004.00180.x]Search in Google Scholar
[Brada JC, Méndez JA. 1993. Political and Economic Factors in Regional Economic Integration. Kyklos, 46(2), 183-201. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6435.1993.tb02420.x10.1111/j.1467-6435.1993.tb02420.x]Search in Google Scholar
[Bun MJ, Klaassen FJ. 2007. The Euro Effect on Trade is not as Large as Commonly Thought*. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 69(4), 473-496.]Search in Google Scholar
[Carrère C. 2006. Revisiting the effects of regional trade agreements on trade flows with proper specification of the gravity model. European Economic Review, 50(2), 223-247. doi: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2004.06.00110.1016/j.euroecorev.2004.06.001]Search in Google Scholar
[Cheng IHW, Howard J. 1999. Controlling for Heterogeneity in Gravity Models of Trade and Integration: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR). Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/icpsr0131310.3886/ICPSR01313]Search in Google Scholar
[Christerson B. 1994. World Trade in Apparel: An Analysis of Trade Flows Using the Gravity Model. International Regional Science Review, 17(2), 151-166. doi: 10.1177/01600176940170020210.1177/016001769401700202]Search in Google Scholar
[Cooper CA, Massell BF. 1965. A new look at customs union theory. The Economic Journal, 742-747.]Search in Google Scholar
[Crawford JA, Laird S. 2001. Regional trade agreements and the WTO. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 12(2), 193-211. doi: 10.1016/ s1062-9408(01)00047-x10.1016/S1062-9408(01)00047-X]Search in Google Scholar
[Dam KW. 1963. Regional Economic Arrangements and the GATT: The Legacy of a Misconception. The University of Chicago Law Review, 615-665.]Search in Google Scholar
[Deardorff A. 1998. Determinants of bilateral trade: does gravity work in a neoclassical world? The regionalization of the world economy (pp. 7-32): University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226260228.003.0002]Search in Google Scholar
[Djankov S, Freund C. 2002. Trade Flows in the Former Soviet Union, 1987 to 1996. Journal of Comparative Economics, 30(1), 76-90. doi: 10.1006/jcec.2001.175210.1006/jcec.2001.1752]Search in Google Scholar
[ECOWAS. 2012. Ecowas Working With Partners To Improve Business Climate In West Africa Retrieved 10/2/2015,2015,http://news.ecowas.int/presseshow.php.]Search in Google Scholar
[ECOWAS. 2012. ECOWAS: Ministerial Meeting. Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series, 49(9), 19407A-19408B. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-825x.2012.04676.x10.1111/j.1467-825X.2012.04676.x]Search in Google Scholar
[Egger P, Pfaffermayr M. 2004. Distance, trade and FDI: a Hausman-Taylor SUR approach. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 19(2), 227-246.]Search in Google Scholar
[Endoh M. 1999. Trade creation and trade diversion in the EEC, the LAFTA and the CMEA: 1960-1994. Applied Economics, 31(2), 207-216. doi: 10.1080/00036849932443510.1080/000368499324435]Search in Google Scholar
[Evenett S, Keller W. 1998. On Theories Explaining the Success of the Gravity Equation: National Bureau of Economic Research.10.3386/w6529]Search in Google Scholar
[Feenstra R, Kee HL. 2004. Export Variety and Country Productivity: National Bureau of Economic Research.10.3386/w10830]Search in Google Scholar
[Frankel J, Stein E, Wei SJ. 1995. Trading blocs and the Americas: The natural, the unnatural, and the super-natural. Journal of Development Economics, 47(1), 61-95. doi: 10.1016/0304-3878(95)00005-410.1016/0304-3878(95)00005-4]Search in Google Scholar
[García EC, Navarro Pabsdorf M, Gómez Herrera E. 2013. The gravity model analysis: an application on MERCOSUR trade flows. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 16(4), 336-348. doi: 10.1080/17487870.2013.84685710.1080/17487870.2013.846857]Search in Google Scholar
[Geraci VJ, Prewo W. 1977. Bilateral Trade Flows and Transport Costs. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 59(1), 67. doi: 10.2307/192490510.2307/1924905]Search in Google Scholar
[Geraci VJ, Prewo W. 1982. An Empirical Demand and Supply Model of Multilateral Trade. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 64(3), 432. doi: 10.2307/192594110.2307/1925941]Search in Google Scholar
[Greenaway D, Milner C. 2002. Regionalism and Gravity. Scottish J Political Economy, 49(5), 574-585. doi: 10.1111/1467-9485.0024910.1111/1467-9485.00249]Search in Google Scholar
[Grossman GM, Helpman E. 1993. The politics of free trade agreements: National Bureau of Economic Research.10.3386/w4597]Search in Google Scholar
[Gruber WH, Vernon R. 1970. The technology factor in a world trade matrix The technology factor in international trade (pp. 233-302): UMI.]Search in Google Scholar
[Hanson G, Xiang C. 2002. The Home Market Effect and Bilateral Trade Patterns: National Bureau of Economic Research.10.3386/w9076]Search in Google Scholar
[Heckscher EF, Ohlin BG. 1991. Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory: The MIT Press.]Search in Google Scholar
[Helpman E. 1987. Imperfect competition and international trade: Evidence from fourteen industrial countries. Journal of the Japanese and international economies, 1(1), 62-81.]Search in Google Scholar
[Helpman E, Krugman PR. 1985. Market structure and foreign trade: Increasing returns, imperfect competition, and the international economy: MIT press.]Search in Google Scholar
[Helpman E, Melitz M, Rubinstein Y. 2007. Estimating trade flows: Trading partners and trading volumes: National Bureau of Economic Research.10.3386/w12927]Search in Google Scholar
[Hsu L. 2006. Applicability of WTO Law in Regional Trade Agreements: Identifying the Links Regional Trade Agreements and the WTO Legal System (pp. 525-552): Oxford University Press (OUP).10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206995.003.0022]Search in Google Scholar
[Hummels D, Levinsohn J. 1993. Monopolistic competition and international trade: reconsidering the evidence: National Bureau of Economic Research.10.3386/w4389]Search in Google Scholar
[Im KS, Pesaran MH, Shin Y. 2003. Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of econometrics, 115(1), 53-74.]Search in Google Scholar
[Im KS, Pesaran MH, Shin Y. 2003. Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53-74. doi: 10.1016/s0304-4076(03)00092-710.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7]Search in Google Scholar
[Kahouli B, Maktouf S. 2013. Regional Trade Agreements in Mediterranean Area: Econometric Analysis by Static Gravity Model. Journal of East-West Business, 19(4), 237-259. doi: 10.1080/10669868.2013.79438010.1080/10669868.2013.794380]Search in Google Scholar
[Kahouli B, Maktouf S. 2014. The link between regional integration agreements, trade flows and economic crisis. International Journal of Development Issues, 13(1), 35-58. doi: 10.1108/ijdi-11-2013-008210.1108/IJDI-11-2013-0082]Search in Google Scholar
[Kahouli B, Maktouf S. 2015. Trade creation and diversion effects in the Mediterranean area: Econometric analysis by gravity model. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 24(1), 76-104.]Search in Google Scholar
[Kao C. 1999. Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90(1), 1-44. doi: 10.1016/s0304-4076(98)00023-210.1016/S0304-4076(98)00023-2]Search in Google Scholar
[Krishna P. 1998. Regionalism and multilateralism: A political economy approach. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 227-251.]Search in Google Scholar
[Laaser CF, Schrader K. 2005. Baltic Trade with Europe: Back to the Roots? Baltic Journal of Economics, 5(2), 15-37. doi: 10.1080/1406099x.2005.1084042110.1080/1406099X.2005.10840421]Search in Google Scholar
[Lee H, Park I. 2007. In Search of Optimised Regional Trade Agreements and Applications to East Asia. The World Economy, 30(5), 783-806. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.01024.x10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.01024.x]Search in Google Scholar
[Leibenstein H, Tinbergen J. 1966. Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy. The Economic Journal, 76(301), 92. doi: 10.2307/222904110.2307/2229041]Search in Google Scholar
[Levy PI. 1997. A political-economic analysis of free-trade agreements. The American Economic Review, 506-519.]Search in Google Scholar
[Linder SB. 1961. An essay on trade and transformation: Wiley.]Search in Google Scholar
[Linnemann H. 1966. An econometric study of international trade flows (Vol. 234): North-Holland Publishing Company Amsterdam.]Search in Google Scholar
[Lipsey RG. 1960. The theory of customs unions: A general survey. The Economic Journal, 496-513.]Search in Google Scholar
[Liu Q, Sun B, Yan H, Lu L. 2015. A Model of Anomaly Discovery. Int. finance discuss. pap., 2015(1128), 1-45. doi: 10.17016/ifdp.2015.112810.17016/IFDP.2015.1128]Search in Google Scholar
[Luqman O, Bakar A, Aznin N, Aziz A, Izraf M. 2015. Regionalism and ECOWAS Trade Performance: A Gravity Model Approach. Bogazici Journal: Review of Social, Economic & Administrative Studies, 29(2).10.21773/boun.29.2.4]Search in Google Scholar
[Mark NC, Sul D. 2003. Cointegration Vector Estimation by Panel DOLS and Long-run Money Demand*. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 65(5), 655-680. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0084.2003.00066.x10.1111/j.1468-0084.2003.00066.x]Search in Google Scholar
[Martínez-Zarzoso I, Felicitas NLD, Horsewood N. 2009. Are regional trading agreements beneficial? The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 20(1), 46-65. doi: 10.1016/j.najef.2008.10.00110.1016/j.najef.2008.10.001]Search in Google Scholar
[Matyas L. 1997. Proper Econometric Specification of the Gravity Model. The World Economy, 20(3), 363-368. doi: 10.1111/1467-9701.0007410.1111/1467-9701.00074]Search in Google Scholar
[Narayan PK, Smyth R. 2008. Energy consumption and real GDP in G7 countries: new evidence from panel cointegration with structural breaks. Energy Economics, 30(5), 2331-2341.]Search in Google Scholar
[Nickell S. 1981. Biases in Dynamic Models with Fixed Effects. Econometrica, 49(6), 1417. doi: 10.2307/191140810.2307/1911408]Search in Google Scholar
[Nilsson L. 1999. Two-way trade between unequal partners: The EU and the developing countries. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 135(1), 102-127. doi: 10.1007/bf0270816110.1007/BF02708161]Search in Google Scholar
[Oguledo V, Macphee CR. 1994. Gravity models: a reformulation and an application to discriminatory trade arrangements. Applied Economics, 26(2), 107-120. doi: 10.1080/0003684940000006610.1080/00036849400000066]Search in Google Scholar
[Olivero MP, Yotov YV. 2012. Dynamic gravity: endogenous country size and asset accumulation. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d’économique, 45(1), 64-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5982.2011.01687.x10.1111/j.1540-5982.2011.01687.x]Search in Google Scholar
[Pedroni P. 1999. Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 61(S1), 653-670.]Search in Google Scholar
[Phillips PC, Perron P. 1988. Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.]Search in Google Scholar
[Pöyhönen P. 1963. A tentative model for the volume of trade between countries. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 93-100.]Search in Google Scholar
[Rostow WW, Lewis WA. 1979. The Evolution of the International Economic Order. The American Historical Review, 84(1), 106. doi: 10.2307/185566210.2307/1855662]Search in Google Scholar
[Sapir A. 2001. Domino effects in Western European regional trade, 1960-1992. European Journal of Political Economy, 17(2), 377-388.]Search in Google Scholar
[Silva JMCS, Tenreyro S. 2006. The Log of Gravity. Review of Economics and Statistics, 88(4), 641-658. doi: 10.1162/ rest.88.4.64110.1162/rest.88.4.641]Search in Google Scholar
[Silva JS, Tenreyro S. 2010. On the existence of the maximum likelihood estimates in Poisson regression. Economics Letters, 107(2), 310-312.]Search in Google Scholar
[Soloaga I, Alan Wintersb L. 2001. Regionalism in the nineties: what effect on trade? The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 12(1), 1-29. doi: 10.1016/ s1062-9408(01)00042-0]Search in Google Scholar
[Thursby JG, Thursby MC. 1987. Bilateral Trade Flows, the Linder Hypothesis, and Exchange Risk. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 69(3), 488. doi: 10.2307/192553710.2307/1925537]Search in Google Scholar
[Tinbergen J. 1962. Shaping the world economy; suggestions for an international economic policy.]Search in Google Scholar
[Truman EM. 1972. The production and trade of manufactured products in the EEC and EFTA: A comparison. European Economic Review, 3(3), 271-290. doi: 10.1016/0014-2921(72)90008-610.1016/0014-2921(72)90008-6]Search in Google Scholar
[Truman EM. 1972. The production and trade of manufactured products in the EEC and EFTA: A comparison. European Economic Review, 3(3), 271-290. doi: 10.1016/0014-2921(72)90008-610.1016/0014-2921(72)90008-6]Search in Google Scholar
[Viner J. 2014. The Customs Union Issue: Oxford University Press (OUP).10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199756124.001.0001]Search in Google Scholar
[White H. 1980. A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 817-838.]Search in Google Scholar
[WTO. 2015. Regional trade agreements. Retrieved 10/2/2015, from wto http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/region_e/region_e.htm]Search in Google Scholar
[Yeats AJ. 1998. Does Mercosur’s Trade Performance Raise Concerns about the Effects of Regional Trade Arrangements? The World Bank Economic Review, 12(1), 1-28. doi: 10.1093/wber/12.1.110.1093/wber/12.1.1]Search in Google Scholar
[Zidi A, Dhifallah SM. 2013. Trade Creation and Trade Diversion between Tunisia and EU: Analysis by Gravity Model. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 5(5). doi: 10.5539/ijef.v5n5p13110.5539/ijef.v5n5p131]Search in Google Scholar