Sex determination in Northern Thai from crania by using computer-aided design software and conventional caliper methods

Toonlanat Thuanthong; Paiwan Sudwan

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Sex determination in Northern Thai from crania by using computer-aided design software and conventional caliper methods

Toonlanat Thuanthong

Paiwan Sudwan

| 20 sept. 2019

Asian Biomedicine

Édition 12 (2018): Edition 3 (June 2018)

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Article Category: Original article

Publié en ligne: 20 sept. 2019

Pages: 103 - 110

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/abm-2019-0008

Mots clés
computer-aided design, skull, Northern Thai, sex determination by skeleton

© 2018 Toonlanat Thuanthong, Paiwan Sudwan, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Anterior and lateral views of skull showing landmarks used in the present study. D: dacryon, Ec: ectoconchion, Fmt: frontomalare temporale, N: nasion, Ns: nasospinale, Pr: prosthion, Or: orbitale, Rhi: rhinion, Zy: zygion, Ast: asterion, B: bregma, G: glabella, Po: porion, Ms: mastoidale.

Nine drawings were photographed and analyzed by using AutoCAD software. (A) OrA and OrP measurements; (B) ENOA and ENOP measurements; (C) MTA measurement; (D) ZaA and ZaP measurements; and (E) GBA and GBP measurements.

Descriptive statistics of the cranium’s parameters using the AutoCAD method (P < 0.05)

Parameter	Sex	n	Mean	SD	P
OrH^†	Male	84	34.40	1.78	<0.001
	Female	76	32.10	1.35
D-Ec^†	Male	84	38.64	2.51	<0.001
	Female	76	35.42	1.55
NL^†	Male	84	24.38	2.84
	Female	76	21.34	1.49	<0.001
ENOH^†	Male	84	28.40	2.75
	Female	76	22.72	1.96	<0.001
APMH^†	Male	84	16.81	3.29
	Female	76	17.62	2.33	0.08
Zy–Zy^†	Male	84	126.23	6.52
	Female	76	121.90	5.33	<0.001
OrA^‡	Male	84	1032.80	93.06
	Female	76	924.11	81.58	<0.001
OrP^†	Male	84	117.30	6.01
	Female	76	115.43	5.14	0.04
ENOA^‡	Male	84	583.57	79.73
	Female	76	548.95	41.61	0.001
ENOP^†	Male	84	90.42	6.70
	Female	76	88.34	5.31	0.03
MTA^‡	Male	84	686.33	91.769	<0.001
	Female	76	591.07	76.43
ZaA^‡	Male	84	724.95	108.41	0.002
	Female	76	679.75	62.39
ZaP^†	Male	84	149.07	10.79	0.014
	Female	76	145.07	9.48
GBA^‡	Male	84	1010.86	138.17
	Female	76	816.78	119.04	<0.001
GBP^†	Male	84	213.19	17.22
	Female	76	183.87	17.92	<0.001

Definitions of measurements

Abbreviation	Definition	Measurement
OrH^†	Orbital height	Distance between orbitale to supraorbital margin
D-Ec^†	Orbital breadth	Distance between dacryon to ectoconchion
NL^§	Nasal bone length	Distance between nasion and rhinion
ENOH^§	External nasal opening height	Distance between rhinion and nasospinale
APMH^§	Alveolar process of maxilla height	Distance between nasospinale and prosthion
Zy–Zy^†	Bizygomatic breadth	Distance between the right and left parts, or the widest part of the zygoma
OrA^§	Orbital area	Area of orbital margin
OrP^§	Orbital perimeter	Perimeter of orbital margin
ENOA^§	External nasal opening area	Area of external nasal opening
ENOP^§	External nasal opening perimeter	Perimeter of external nasal opening
MTA^‡	Mastoid triangle area	Area of triangle drawn from three points (porion, mastoidale, and asterion)
ZaA^§	Zygomatic arch area	Area of space between the line drawn from the frontomalare temporale to the zygomatic arch above the porion
ZaP^§	Zygomatic arch perimeter	Perimeter of space between the line drawn from the frontomalare temporale to the zygomatic arch above the porion
GBA^§	Glabella-bregma area	Area of space between the straight line drawn through bregma in the horizontal plane and perpendicular to the straight line drawn through the glabella in the vertical plane
GBP^§	Glabella-bregma perimeter	Perimeter of space between the straight line drawn through the bregma in the horizontal plane and perpendicular to the straight line drawn through the glabella in the vertical plane

Sex classification accuracy of craniometry determined using logistic regression analysis

Methods	Sex	Male		Female		Overall
		n (84)	%	n (76)	%	N (160)	%
AutoCAD	Male	78	92.9	6	7.1	149	93.1
	Female	5	6.6	71	93.4
Calipers	Male	75	89.3	9	10.7
	Female	4	5.3	72	94.7	147	91.9

Evaluating intraobserver error using a paired t test to compare the data between the first and second measurements

Parameter	n	First measurement		Second measurement		Intraobserver error
		Mean	SD	Mean	SD	P
OrH	30	33.82	1.92	33.84	1.96	0.84
D-Ec	30	38.05	2.22	38.00	2.18	0.17
NL	30	24.00	3.13	24.13	3.19	0.22
ENOH	30	27.18	3.86	27.19	3.86	0.11
APMH	30	23.90	6.45	24.91	8.82	0.32
Zy–Zy	30	124.62	6.15	121.30	19.96	0.33
OrA	30	1034.18	101.13	1030.74	101.50	0.40
OrP	30	115.78	6.05	116.06	6.01	0.17
ENOA	30	563.44	80.40	563.91	80.78	0.29
ENOP	30	88.52	7.11	88.46	7.10	0.32
ENOP	30	666.14	96.17	666.16	96.17	0.22
ZaA	30	694.32	109.64	694.30	109.62	0.34
ZaP	30	143.41	9.72	143.32	9.57	0.37
GBA	30	955.06	167.50	955.08	167.52	0.54
GBP	30	207.17	20.39	207.20	20.33	0.33

Comparison between AutoCAD and digital caliper measurements using an independent t test

Parameters	Methods	N	Mean	SD	P
OrH^†	AutoCAD	160	33.30	1.96
	Calipers	160	33.33	1.97	0.91
D-Ec^†	AutoCAD	160	37.11	2.65	0.78
	Calipers	160	37.19	2.74
NL	AutoCAD	160	22.93	2.75	0.99
	Calipers	160	22.93	2.76
ENOH^†	AutoCAD	160	25.71	3.72	0.97
	Calipers	160	25.72	3.72
APMH^†	AutoCAD	160	17.19	2.90	0.97
	Calipers	160	17.21	2.88
Zy–Zy^†	AutoCAD	160	124.18	6.35	0.96
	Calipers	160	124.14	6.29

Descriptive statistics of the cranium’s parameters using the digital caliper method

Parameter	Sex	n	Mean	SD	P
OrH^†	Male	84	34.40	1.79
	Female	76	32.14	1.40	<0.001
D-Ec^†	Male	84	38.80	2.57
	Female	76	35.42	1.58	<0.001
NL	Male	84	24.36	2.86
	Female	76	21.35	1.51	<0.001
ENOH^†	Male	84	28.41	2.76	<0.001
	Female	76	22.74	1.96
APMH^†	Male	84	16.81	3.29	<0.07
	Female	76	16.81	3.29
Zy–Zy^†	Male	84	126.29	6.42	<0.001
	Female	76	121.77	5.24

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Sex determination in Northern Thai from crania by using computer-aided design software and conventional caliper methods

Article Category: Original article

Publié en ligne: 20 sept. 2019

Pages: 103 - 110

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/abm-2019-0008

Mots clés
computer-aided design, skull, Northern Thai, sex determination by skeleton

© 2018 Toonlanat Thuanthong, Paiwan Sudwan, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Descriptive statistics of the cranium’s parameters using the AutoCAD method (P < 0.05)

Definitions of measurements

Sex classification accuracy of craniometry determined using logistic regression analysis

Evaluating intraobserver error using a paired t test to compare the data between the first and second measurements

Comparison between AutoCAD and digital caliper measurements using an independent t test

Descriptive statistics of the cranium’s parameters using the digital caliper method

Sex determination in Northern Thai from crania by using computer-aided design software and conventional caliper methods

Article Category: Original article

Publié en ligne: 20 sept. 2019

Pages: 103 - 110

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/abm-2019-0008

Mots cléscomputer-aided design, skull, Northern Thai, sex determination by skeleton

© 2018 Toonlanat Thuanthong, Paiwan Sudwan, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Descriptive statistics of the cranium’s parameters using the AutoCAD method (P < 0.05)

Definitions of measurements

Sex classification accuracy of craniometry determined using logistic regression analysis

Evaluating intraobserver error using a paired t test to compare the data between the first and second measurements

Comparison between AutoCAD and digital caliper measurements using an independent t test

Descriptive statistics of the cranium’s parameters using the digital caliper method

Mots clés
computer-aided design, skull, Northern Thai, sex determination by skeleton