Transport-Related Social Exclusion Among Secondary School Students in Different Sub-Regions of Lower Silesia, Poland: An Activity-Based Approach

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Level of activity vs_ level of car utilisation_

	No utilisation of private car		Utilisation of private car – some destinations		Utilisation of private car – all destinations		In total
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Low level of activity	26	21.10%	94	23.20%	7	6.60%	127	20.00%
Moderate level of activity	77	62.60%	238	58.60%	73	68.90%	388	61.10%
High level of activity	20	16.30%	74	18.20%	26	24.50%	120	18.90%
In total	123	100.00%	406	100.00%	106	100.00%	635	100.00%

Ordinal regression coefficients for the level of respondents’ activity (Model I) and the level of car utilisation (Model II) (higher coefficient = higher level of activity or car utilisation)_

	Coefficients
	Model I	Model II
Gender = woman	0.369*	–0.121
Gender = man	ref.	ref.
Economic condition = bad	–1.052***	–0.254
Economic condition = moderate	0.115	–0.578*
Economic condition = good	ref.	ref.
HH location = more than 5 km from commune centre	–0.540**	0.717**
HH location = up to 5 km from commune centre	0.107	1.026***
HH location = commune centre	ref.	ref.
County = other counties	–0.380	–1.016
County = Oleśnica	0.233	–0.98
County = Milicz	0.568	–0.512
County = Góra	ref.	ref.
Car utilisation = no	–0.775**	–
Car utilisation = some destinations	–0.784***	–
Car utilisation = all destinations	ref.	–
Frequency of PT = bad assessment	–	0.686**
Frequency of PT = moderate assessment	–	–0.114
Frequency of PT = good assessment	–	ref.
Attitudes towards public transport = positive	–	–0.465*
Attitudes towards public transport = neutral	–	0.149
Attitudes towards public transport = negative	–	ref.
Model fitting (χ2)	48.081***	80.697***
Goodness of fit (Pearson χ2)	232.438	421.882
Goodness of fit (Deviance χ2)	262.101	387.406
Pseudo-R2 Nagelkerke	0.09	0.16
Test of parallel lines (χ2)	16.116	17.436

Distribution of the basic variables_

Variable	Category			Size	Share
Gender	Woman			349	55%
	Man			286	45%
Household location	Commune centre			338	53%
	Up to 5 km from commune centre			117	18%
	More than 5 km from commune centre			180	23%
County	Góra			52	8%
	Oleśnica			406	64%
	Milicz			135	21%
	Other			42	7%
Household economic condition	Bad			45	7%
	Moderate			114	18%
	Good			476	75%
Level of car utilisation	No utilisation			123	19%
	Some destinations			406	64%
	All destinations			106	17%

Results of χ2 tests measuring differences in performance of particular activities by respondents from peripheral locations_

Name of activity	χ2	p-value
Purchases of clothes	6.637	p=.036
Purchases of personal things	3.105	p=.212
Cinema visits	9.329	p=.009
Purchases of cosmetics	6.218	p=.045
Purchases of books	5.263	p=.072
Attending concerts	12.740	p=.002
Purchases of technical equipments	3.279	p=.194
Attending sport events	9.219	p=.010
Tutoring/private lessons	5.412	p=.067
Sport activities	10.134	p=.006
Courses	4.567	p=.102
Interest clubs	5.207	p=.074
Remedial classes	0.792	p=.673

Expected improvements in public transport in the household location_

Expected improvement	Level of activity			Level of car utilisation			In total
	Low	Moderate	High	No utilisation	1–2 destinations	All destinations
	% in column*
Increased frequency of services	47%	56%	59%	63%	56%	51%	54%
New public transport connections	23%	31%	33%	33%	26%	31%	29%
Lower ticket prices	34%	28%	26%	30%	28%	30%	29%
Improved punctuality	15%	18%	13%	27%	19%	12%	16%
Increased comfort of journeys	8%	15%	18%	7%	15%	13%	13%
Upgraded bus stop infrastructure	5%	7%	5%	13%	5%	5%	6%
Increased feeling of security	3%	4%	3%	3%	5%	3%	4%
Upgraded fleet	3%	2%	0%	3%	1%	3%	2%
Other factors	3%	1%	3%	0%	2%	1%	1%
Nothing	23%	13%	13%	3%	14%	20%	16%

Results of χ2 tests measuring differences in performance of particular activities by respondents with different levels of car use_

Name of activity	χ2	p-value
Purchases of clothes	7.193	p=.027
Purchases of personal things	5.171	p=.075
Cinema visits	5.148	p=.076
Purchases of cosmetics	1.263	p=.532
Purchases of books	3.513	p=.173
Attending concerts	8.479	p=.014
Purchases of technical equipments	7.89	p=.019
Attending sport events	10.997	p=.004
Tutoring/private lessons	1.642	p=.440
Sport activities	4.769	p=.092
Courses	4.433	p=.109
Interest clubs	12.105	p=.002
Remedial classes	1.405	p=.495