Impact of Land Use Changes on Collapsed Pipes Development in the Loess Gully (Lublin Upland, East Poland)

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Determinants of the development of collapsed pipes on the gully bank as a result of agricultural activity_

Natural conditions and processes		Processes	Anthropogenic conditions and processes
Moisture – high susceptibility of loess to erosion	Large slopes and denivelations – gravitational force	Snowmelts, downpours slope runoff	Tillage perpendicular to the contour	Cultivation of crops that do not cover soil sufficiently
Disintegration of aggregates	Creeping	Sheet and rill erosion	Tillage erosion	Splash, sheet and rill erosion
Effect – transport of soil material and accumulation in the form of an agricultural terrace at forest edge
Flattening of the slope – infiltration	Threshold – increase in slope	Concentration of runoff along the edge	Ploughing up of small incisions	Creation of a new forest edge
Piping, channel widening	Increase in gravitational force	Headcut erosion, pipes	Vulnerability to erosion of agricultural colluvia	Visual increase in the depth of the gully
The result – the development of a collapsed pipe with a drainage channel and a depositional cone
Soil slides on edges	Blocking the outflow and silting up the bottom	Collapsed pipe stabilization and infilling	Cutting off the edge of the collapsed pipe and backfill	Ploughing around the collapsed pipe
Effect – reclamation of the form – adaptation to agricultural use
Piping, headcut erosion	Unblocking the drain, piping	Infiltration, piping	Reduction of inflow – development of secondary forms	Accelerated collapsed pipe development
The result – reactivation of the collapsed pipe

Reactivation of selected collapsed pipes in the gully system of kolonia Celejów under the influence of runoff episodes from fruit plantations_

Collapsed pipe	Role in local system	Start	Reasons for activity		Volume in m3 (approximately)
			Initiation	Development	1999	2005, 2006	2009, 2013, 2015	2024
Site 1	Main form	1996, 1997	Longitudinal cultivation	New planted chokeberry	270* (1940)	106		240
	Secondary form	2006	As above New planted blackcurrant	Concentrated runoff from blackcurrant plantation	–	–	24 (2013) 36 (2015)	95
Site 2	Main form	1996, 1997	Diagonal cultivation	New planted blackcurrant plantation	85	186	?	240
	Secondary form	2006	Flow diversion	As above	–	27	50	114
Site 3	Main form	1996, 1997	Longitudinal cultivation New planted blackcurrant	Continuous blackcurrant seedlings plantation	45	?	?	912
Sites 1–3	Differentiated	1996– 2006	New fruit plantation	Shrub rows parallel to slope	–	–	–	–