The protection of the accused in international criminal law according to the human rights law standard1

Faculty of Social Sciences, Siauliai University, Architektu st.1, LT-78366, Siauliai, Lithuania

The Rate of Return to Investment in Educaton: A Case Study of Lithuania

Associate Professor; Mykolas Romeris University, Faculty of Law, Department of International and European Union Law. Research interests: public international law, European Union institutional law, human rights law.

Lecturer; Mykolas Romeris University, Faculty of Law, Department of International and European Union Law. Research interests: human rights law, international public law.

The exercise of religious freedom in educational institutions in the light of ecthr jurisprudence

Legal Status of the Honorary Consul

Ph.D. in law (University of Amsterdam); external fellow at the Centre for the Study of European Contract Law (CSECL), University of Amsterdam

Centre for Legal Education and Social Theory, Faculty of Law, Administration and Economics, University of Wrocław

Law and Ideology: Critical Explorations

Law’s Symbolic Power: Beyond the Marxist Conception of Ideology

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<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Although a substantial part of the body of laws of an EU Member State is founded upon European Union law and norms, the number of preliminary questions emanating from courts in the Czech Republic appears to be disproportionately low compared to other similar EU Member States. The aim of this article is to analyse and outline possible reasons for the lack of preliminary questions coming from the Czech Republic. In her analysis, the author identifies three possible factors underpinning the issue. These factors include attitudes towards the EU and a general lack of understanding of the relevance of EU laws and norms; the role of preliminary rulings; and the perception and recognition of courts. An integral part of this analysis is a critical commentary on the shifts in how courts and tribunals are perceived within the meaning of Art. 267 TFEU. Lastly, the author offers guidance to fellow legal professionals and academics for interpreting EU norms.
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Why Do So Few Preliminary Questions Come From Czechia?

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<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This article presents a contemporary model of applying interim measures by the Court of Justice of the European Union, drawing on an increasingly rich body of case law in Polish cases. The disputes that the European Commission has engaged in with the Polish government, along with the non-standard obstruction in compliance with EU law, have become the basis for a new approach to this ancillary procedure offered by the Rules of Procedure of the Court. The article focuses on two sensitive areas where judicial intervention has proved necessary, the protection of the natural environment and ensuring the rule of law, especially in the operation of the national judiciary. There is no doubt that this body of work constitutes a significant contribution to the overall development of EU law, as it has led to the adoption of a completely new interpretation of Article 279 TFEU. According to the latest case law, the possibility of imposing financial penalties on member states is not limited to cases provided for in Article 260 TFEU, that is, non-compliance with a judgment finding a breach of EU law; these penalties can also be imposed in cases of non-compliance with the Court’s interim orders.
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The Development of Interim Measures Procedure in Cases Against Poland Before CJEU

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<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The article discusses a possibility and circumstances of conducting a remote hearing in the Polish civil procedure. Especially, the authors describe and analyse the legal provisions applicable prior, during and after Covid-19 as well as their impact on the process of informatization of the civil proceedings in Poland with the main focus on remote hearings that were not - generally, possible before Covid-19. The article also takes a closer look at the possibility to participate in a trial outside the seat of the court and the principle of openness of the proceedings.
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The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Civil Proceedings in Poland

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<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The article first updates the concept and typology of gold-plating of EU law. In this respect, it makes the distinction between various types of gold-plating of EU law and submits that it should now be understood as any national transposition of EU directives as well as any national normative implementation of any other EU legal acts which exceeds the minimum regulatory requirements of the transposed or implemented EU act and which remains within EU legality. Secondly, it provides an updated view of the use of gold-plating in the Czech Republic. It does so by comparing the current gold-plating situation in this Member State with that of a decade ago. This comparison has revealed a predominantly positive development in this area, namely the almost total eradication of inadvertent gold-plating and the consolidation of deliberate justified gold-plating of EU law in Czech legislative practice. Still, the article pleads for some further refinements in the area concerned.
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Gold-plating of EU Law in the Czech Republic Revisited

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<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The paper aims to highlight the decisive role of supranational and national courts in the recognition of a fundamental right to a healthy environment and in widening the scope of its protection. It analyses, in a critical sense, the doctrine that defines this trend as jurisprudential activism and that raises concerns regarding the principle of separation of powers.
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The Progressive Recognition of the Fundamental Right to a Healthy Environment and the Role of the Courts in Ensuring Its Protection<xref ref-type="fn" rid="j_wrlae-2023-0009_fn_001">1</xref>

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Civil procedural law had to react quickly to the Covid-19 pandemic to ensure that litigants had access to the court system despite the closure of court buildings. In Hungary, e-trials were made possible by special government decisions, which were interpreted by the Supreme Court (Kúria) to help lower courts to develop uniform case law. As a result of the Digital Courts Programme launched in 2018, the computerisation of courts and judges was in a good state at the time of the outbreak, which helped greatly to address the situation. The paper examines changes in Hungarian civil procedure law during the first three waves of the pandemic in a chronological manner. In its conclusions, it takes stock of the changes that can enhance access to the justice system and legal entities, even after the epidemic.
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Hungarian civil procedure law’s response to the Covid challenge

Carving Out Central Europe as a Space of Legal Culture: A Way Out of Peripherality?

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Green marketing in Kosova evolved as a means for enterprises to adjust to increased market competitiveness. The objective of the study was to identify how consumers’ environmentally friendly behaviour drove the demand for new eco-value market offerings. Concurrently, the study aimed to prove how domestic producers of non-alcoholic beverages used their capabilities to deliver new eco-value market offerings. The research is based on a survey conducted in Kosova. Analysis focused on statistical correlation testing of consumers’ green marketing awareness, behaviour toward the environment, information search, trust in advertising and labels displaying health benefits of beverages and attitudes towards a willingness to pay more for organic non-alcoholic beverages compared with non-organic ones. Significant findings were the positive influence of family and media in shaping consumers’ environmentally friendly behaviour and, in contrast, consumers’ mistrust in the marketing activities of producers as a consequence of misleading advertising.</abstract>

The Role of Consumers’ Behaviour in Applying Green Marketing: An Economic Analysis of the Non-alcoholic Beverages Industry in Kosova

The Agency Theory Approach to the Public Procurement System

Environmental Compliance Control

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