<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The article refers to the economic consequences of the post-war division of Europe into the capitalist West and communist East. One of the consequences of this division was the creation of peculiar crime phenomenon on the eastern side of the “iron curtain”, which consist on exploit the prices and goods availability differences between wealthy West and backward East of Europe. This being the case of illegal movement of goods, begun from the 1940s, between those two worlds. In article you can find the outline of characteristic for the whole Polish “People’s” Republic period smuggling conducts. The key subject of following text is first of all the problem of car smuggling in the 1980s, which wasn’t researched by polish historians before. In this interesting for us times in Western Europe (West Germany, Austria, France) and in Scandinavia at least few groups of organized crime were active in a areas of car stealing and smuggling a luxury goods into Poland. The essence of following article are the presentation of these groups, their bosses, criminal practices and techniques and indication of the cooperation between polish car smugglers and western countries citizens. Sources for this text are based first of all on operational and investigation records of former Security Service collected in archives of the Institute of National Remembrance.
</abstract>

“Autogangs”. Car Smuggle to Communist Poland in the 1980s

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Described privileges of determined employee groups in the Polish tobacco industry in a period of Polish People’s Republic on example of Kraków plants arose largely from the statute law, although not without meaning carried out its interpretation, by workers self-management and Company’s Dispute Adjudication Boards (CDAB). It was possible to notice the sign of appropriating privileges by determined employees groups not-arising from the existing law, but being a sign of aspirations to ensure a higher position for oneself in the unit through certain acquaintances and in consequence achieving common benefits, etc. informally. The article constitutes only a starting point for further in-depth studies covering employee issues in all tobacco industry in Poland.
</abstract>

Employee privileges in the Polish tobacco industry in a period of Polish People’s Republic

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The issue of entrepreneurship in sports joins the more general trend of catching up with the long Renaissance period of “reflecting” on the character of the professional sportsman (athlete), so peculiarly overlooked, and one of the main protagonists of the culture of antiquity, alongside the artist or philosopher. The author of the article adopts the convention of the ‘corporate athlete’, for which he sees a contemporary exemplification in football, the most popular sport. The examples cited from the economic history of football, preceded by an outline of the basic categories of entrepreneurship, are an attempt to show the essence of an economic, two-way view of these issues. The description of the institutionalisation of analytics and football’s ‘information bank’, highlights the effectiveness of an interdisciplinary approach to entrepreneurship in sport. In contrast, the characterisation of the re-engineering carried out at FC Barcelona is a case of an approach that treats sport as a natural economic environment. Providing a wholesome, inspirational building block, grounding some elements of management and entrepreneurial.
</abstract>

Entrepreneurship in Sport: Sport in Business, Using Professional Football as an Example

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The history of old age has only relatively recently become explored as a research topic in Poland. This sketch focuses on the relationship between old age and poverty in People’s Republic of Poland. Old age, however, was a significant object of interest of the PRL authorities in at least two aspects. The first was the social security system, particularly in relation to old age and disability pensions, and the second, social care for the aged.
</abstract>

Old Age and Poverty in Poland, 1945-1989: The Status Regarding Knowledge And Research Problems

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This text provides the analysis of two texts, written by Robert de Clari and Geoffroy de Villehardouin, two chroniclers at the times of the Fourth Crusade. The analysis discusses their account of food provision and how Crusaders managed to provide for themselves during their journey from Venice to Constantinople in the period between June 1202 and May 1204.
</abstract>

The Fourth Crusade and the Problem of Food Provision in The Accounts of Robert De Clari and Geoffroy De Villehardouin

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
 This article presents a multinational and multireligious character of St. Petersburg since the founding of the city to the collapse of the Soviet Union. An ethnic and cultural mosaic was also an important feature in other centers of Russia, including Moscow and Odessa, as well as forming part of the national capital of the Russian Empire in Warsaw, Riga and Tallinn. St. Petersburg is a city but of a symbolic and unique character. It is the subject of literary impressions and creative inspiration for generations of artists. In addition, St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad was the capital of a multinational and multireligious Russian Empire, Soviet Russia, and since 1918, it was the second most important city of the Soviet Union. The author’s intention is also to present the history of St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad, as seen through the prism of the history of national minorities living in it.
</abstract>

Ethnic Structure of St Petersburg – Petrograd – Leningrad in the Period of 1703-1991

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
A team of researchers led by Prof. Dr. Paweł Grata of the University of Rzeszów has received the funding necessary to carry out the project “In Care of the Family: Social assistance in the Polish lands from the 19th to the 21st century. Historical dictionary” under the National Program for the Development of the Humanities. The project will be carried out from 2024 to 2028. The amount of funding amounted to more than one million seven hundred thousand zlotys.
</abstract>

Reports: In Care of the Family: Social Welfare in the Polish Lands from 19th to 21st Century. Historical Dictionary [W Trosce O Rodzinę. Pomoc Społeczna Na Ziemiach Polskich Od XIX do XXI Wieku. Słownik Historyczny] as a Project Carried out Under the National Program for the Development of the Humanities [Narodowy Program Rozwoju Huma Nistyki]

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The article presents the action of the reintroduction of forest fauna conducted in the interwar period in Poland. The activities that led to the rescue of bison were discussed. The success of saving the last beaver populations in this part of Europe was recalled and analyzed. The activities, pioneering in Europe, carried out by the State Forests, for the protection of moose, were also presented. The article draws attention to the modernity of the ecological policy in Poland during the period of 1918–1939, as well as to the importance of the policy implemented by the State Forests in this period. Despite the Soviet-German occupation of Poland, some of the activities of interwar Poland managed to survive and to this day constitute an important part of the ecological policy of the EU.
</abstract>

Reintroductions of Forest Fauna in the Second Polish Republic

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Some of the spas there trace their origins to the first half of that century. Thanks to its diverse natural and geographic environment Western Galicia was somehow predestined to establish spas. There were mineral waters and a favorable microclimate. An additional advantage was the mountainous natural environment, especially, in the south of the region, which was mostly pristine. Even though some spas originated in the first part of the century, their dynamic development began to be observed only from the middle of the same century. The number of visitors also began to grow dynamically. The most fashionable place in the middle of the century was Szczawnica. However, it gradually lost this position as a result of increasing competition from other spas and internal problems. Before the outbreak of World War I, Zakopane clearly led the way. The state of the spas depended on the people managing them, mainly, on their commitment. Alongside large spas like Zakopane and Szczawnica existed smaller ones with poorly developed accommodation. They were treated by visitors more as a summer resort than a health resort. The purpose of the article is to show the development of spa treatment in the 19th century and early 20th century. It was based on the sources of medicinal waters discovered in western Galicia. Consequently, these areas became a kind of spa basin, popular among patients. The selected individual spas are discussed, their establishment and development are described, factors influencing the growth of their popularity and obstacles to their development are indicated. Changes in the interaction between man and nature in relation to Western Galicia are shown. It allows to understand the inspiring role of nature in the everyday life of man.
</abstract>

Springs of Life: Spas in Western Galicia from the Beginning of the 19th Century to the Outbreak of World War I

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The development of woodland was influenced by different management since some thousands of years. During prehistoric times settlements were founded and given up after some decades. In connection with this, a secondary succession of woodland took place. The spread of beech in Central Europe was favoured and some other tree species expanded in other parts of Europe. This is documented by pollen diagrams. During historic times woodland exploitation was intensified. Some tree species became rarer by more intensive management such as beech. So human impact did not have generally the same effect on the development of woodlands. As management influenced the development of woodland more than climatic changes it is likely that this will also happen in the future. Pollen diagrams are not historic sources but can be well paralleled with historic sources. It is an advantage of pollen diagrams that they encompass a total development of vegetation and do not only reflect a single event at special points of time.
</abstract>

Different Forms of Civilizations and the Development of Woodlands: Systems of Interactions

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Among the many studies on the history of Polish countryside and agriculture after 1945, there are no studies analyzing in a broader scope the issue of the relationship between agricultural production and the natural environment, despite the close connection between this sector of the economy and natural resources. The negative impact of agricultural intensification based on chemicalization and mechanization of agriculture on the condition of the natural environment is also omitted (or treated marginally). This text is an attempt to fill this gap. Its subject is the problem of the impact of agriculture on the natural environment in Poland in the years 1944–2004, i.e. in the period from the end of the war to Poland’s accession to the European Union. The basic research questions concern the directions of agricultural policy in the above period and selected methods of agricultural intensification and their impact on the environment, with particular emphasis on artificial fertilization and chemical plant protection, agricultural mechanization and agricultural land improvement. Due to the lack of space, the description of the above problems is a synthetic sketch concerning selected issues that await in-depth research. However, existing research shows that the degree of environmental threat depends on the level of fertilization and use of plant protection products, the degree of mechanization and dissemination of monocultures, and the level of drainage. Therefore, in Poland it occurred with varying intensity, greater in large-scale farming areas and less in the case of small and extensive family farms.
</abstract>

Agriculture and the environment in Poland in the years 1944–2004: an Outline

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Forest conservation as a living environment is essential for human survival. Attention is focused on Forest Aesthetics created by von H. Salisch at Postel in Poland, who managed economic forests to realize their functional beauty. Although an idea of Salisch introduced to Japan by 1895, lectures on Forest Aesthetics did not continue in universities located in lower middle latitudes. The main reason is that Forest Aesthetics depends on stand structure, creating sunshine filtering through canopy on the forest floor and the incident light makes the forests look beautiful. Action of light quality also plays an important role in forest beauty. Forest Aesthetics encompasses the ideas of ecosystems, sustainability, and family affection. Although Forest Aesthetics was proposed in 1885, there was no scientific term of “ecosystem” and ecological service that time. Now once again, it is about time to reevaluate the Forest Aesthetics produced in land of Poland.
</abstract>

Forest Aesthetics as a Basic Idea for Forest Management from the Perspectives of Light Quality, Ecosystems, and Sustainability in Japan

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
 Relocating the capital of Kazakhstan from Almaty to Akmola (then renamed Astana) in 1997 has been the subject of an intense debate, particularly within media. The process of creating the new capital of Kazakhstan should consider the broader perspective of historical, political and ideological, social, climatic and geographical factors, and finally to put the matter in terms of architecture and urban planning. The author considers this very broad perspective, finally expressing the hope that the project of “the city of the future” analyzed in the article, will become a permanent part of the Kazakh reality.
</abstract>

New Urbanization of the Steppe. Astana: A Capital Called the Capital

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
 The article presents how DEA is used to develop agricultural production efficiency rankings in the EU member states, which can be used as the starting point for evaluating the performance of currently used instruments of economic policy. In the article, statistical data from the FADN were used. Agricultural production was compared for three types of output and four types of input involved. The performed study demonstrated that in 18 out of 28 states, agricultural production had been run efficiently on a macro level. The applied approach also allowed for identifying the causes of inefficiency in the remaining ten states, providing indications for recommended changes in in the way economic instruments are used.
</abstract>

Application of DEA for Evaluating the Efficiency of Economic Policy as Exemplified by EU Agriculture

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The text is devoted to women’s presence in the Polish higher education in 1918-2018. Its history is presented in chronological-thematic order, including information about the beginnings of women’s studies at universities as well as their basic political, economic and cultural conditioning. Although during the discussed period, basis of political system in Poland changed three times, there was a constant development of the size of higher education, as well as an increase of women’s participation among students and academic faculty. The beginnings were very modest. However, today women constitute already the majority of students of higher education and almost a half of academic employees. Women, during their fight for equality in access to studies and academic career, had to overcome many legal obstacles, also informal ones, resulting from vitality of the image of traditional social role of women. Even though, the formal equality was gradually earned, it is still more difficult for women than for men to undertake studies at some faculties, and to get higher degrees and academic positions as fast as men.
</abstract>

Feminization of Higher Education in Poland in 1918-2018

Foreign Trade of Galicia and Bukovina and Other Austrian Countries at the End of the 19th Century Based on German Railway Statistics

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
It might seem natural to think that the socialist model of the economy, and a reality where collective property prevailed, eliminated the problem of financial crime. But did it really? This paper, which presents the scale of this type of crime as reflected by GUS (Polish Central Statistical Office) statistics, is an attempt at answering this question. At the same time we would like to present the “3 Cs” model (circumstances, character, chance), in which all the “C” factors occurred simultaneously, but on each occasion each of these had a different impact on the particular criminal act.
</abstract>

Financial Crime in Socialist Poland and Its Causes in the Light of Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS) Statistics

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In socialist Poland, in the reality of centrally planned economy, average citizens experienced chronic deficits of basic commodities. Although the intensity of the problem varied, at no time could one say that the official market fully satisfied the demand for basic or luxurious goods sought by citizens. On the one hand, the market was steered manually, prices were set and kept on the same level for many years, and the volume of production and its cost was centrally planned, but on the other hand, salaries in national companies were raised, which resulted in unsatisfied demand for the goods that the official market lacked. How, then, did average citizens deal with these problems? How, by committing more or less serious financial crimes, did they become players in the black market game, the stake of which was satisfying their own needs? This article attempts at describing the situation in this specific market in various periods of socialist Poland. It also tries to demonstrate which products were the most desirable and most often sold in the black market. Most citizens of socialist Poland, knowing that their behavior is against the law, limited their participation in the black market to purchasing or selling the most urgently needed products.
</abstract>

Black Market – Financial Crimes Committed for Personal Purposes

Call for Papers: THE LABOUR MARKET AND UNEMPLOYMENT, vol.42/1 (2024)

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Studia Historiae Oeconomicae

The Journal of Adam Mickiewicz University

 Print ISSN: 0081-6485Electronic ISSN: 2353-7515  Studia Historiae Oeconomicae (SHO) is a refereed journal...

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 Print ISSN: 0081-6485Electronic ISSN: 2353-7515  Studia Historiae Oeconomicae...