<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper examines the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Law and offers some broad reflections on its current state. First, the paper introduces the concept of AI, paying particular attention to the distinction between hard and soft AI. Next, it considers how AI can be used to support (or replace!) legal work and legal reasoning. The paper goes on to explore applications of AI in the legal domain and concludes with some critical reflections on the use of AI in the legal context.
</abstract>

Reflections on the Use of AI in the Legal Domain

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
These keynote lecture notes explore the potential and limitations of using algorithms and machine learning tools in the courtroom. It identifies different areas in which algorithms would be suitable for legal decision-making and areas in which human judgments should be preserved.
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The Future of Judging: Algorithms in the Courtroom

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<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper concerns mechanisms for the protection of utility models in Poland. These mechanisms are at present on the verge of substantial change as a new draft regulation was opened for public consultation in 2022. Select results of analyses of the utility model applications filed in the years 2001–2020 were reported. The analyses concerned possible routes for filing utility model applications in Poland, the most popular fields in which utility model protection is used, and the origins of utility models protected in Poland by the country of residence of the first applicant. It has been noted that a key strength of the utility models is the criteria granting exclusive rights. In terms of the advantages related to disclosure, the state-of-the-art protected utility model needs only to be novel; there is no requirement concerning the inventive step. This makes the assessment of validity relatively reliable and significantly reduces the risk that the enforced right of protection will be invalidated. This strength will likely be preserved in the review of the draft regulation that is about to abolish substantial examination and replace it with a registration system. The change is supposed to reduce the time of prosecution, thus making the conversion from refused/withdrawn European patent applications to Polish utility models more attractive.
</abstract>

Protection of Utility Models in Poland: A Brief History and Perspective for the Future

From the Editorial Board

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The Indian insolvency regime has undergone a historic change with the introduction of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016. This paper empirically analyses the effectiveness of the Code in the Indian economy. The paper also studies the insolvency frameworks that existed in India, the distinguishing features, and the legal framework of the Code. The analysis of the current status of the Indian insolvency regime with time series and cross-sectional data clarifies the non-performing assets trajectory, recovery rates, and time required under different recovery mechanisms, a summary of cases under the new Code and the status of India in the international insolvency systems. The empirical evidence of this study suggests that the Code is an improvement over its predecessors in terms of recovery rates, resolution of non-performing assets, and resolution costs. The Code should be subjected to necessary improvements to evolve and become a foolproof mechanism. Suggestions to that effect are offered in the final section.
</abstract>

On the Effectiveness of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016: Empirical Evidence From India

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The importance of innovation has always been important for the economic growth and the quality of life of the humankind. But in the latest years the awareness of its importance is growing and has led to systematic study of the process and the characteristics of innovation. The paper is first giving an overview of the science of innovation, partly with the help of an innovation, the Artificial Intelligence. Then the paper focuses on differences in the level of innovation and tries to explain them by comparing innovative solutions to a well-known problem from the field of construction.
</abstract>

The innovativeness of innovations

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
For more than half a century scenario planning has been part of the toolbox for many strategic planners. The usefulness of the scenario approach is emphasized in turbulent times, as the ones we are living at present. Besides having proven its role in traditional strategic decision making, scenario planning can create value for a number of different purposes. In this article we briefly describe the history of scenario planning and its application in the field of strategy. Our main contribution is in highlighting other application areas for scenarios, like innovation, leadership, branding etc. Scenarios are in our opinion an excellent method to create appreciation for alternatives. And, at best, they contribute to exploration and learning of strategic territories that the decision maker has not been paying attention to. From “thinking the unthinkable” we now use scenarios to spot opportunities and build road maps to preferable futures. A proper scenario process allows disagreement of potential developments become an asset for the organization, fostering a constructive strategic discussion. And uncertainty becomes a friend, not a risk.
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Scenarios – the art of bringing the future into today’s decision making!

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In an era where the transformation of knowledge into innovation and its successful commercialisation holds paramount significance, this paper explores how universities can turn their research into valuable products and impact the global market. It highlights the substantial impact of collaboration across different phases on innovative concepts, accentuating its influence on the quality of commercialisation. Data collection and market research findings indicate the pressing need for an efficient platform to facilitate collaborative endeavours. As a proposed solution, SCIONS encourages collaboration, sparks creativity, augments commercial prospects, and nurtures practical problem-solving. As a seamless, community-driven platform, it empowers academia to proffer scientific solutions to industry requirements and fosters a competitive marketplace for academic research solutions.
</abstract>

Fraunhofer Innovation Platform for Advanced Manufacturing at the University of Twente

Unlocking the Commercialisation Process for Academic Ideas and Their Global Market Impact

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Industrial transformation is occurring now; the world is in the era of rapid industry movement into a collaborative robot (Cobot), empowering the human workforce, improving the project management processes, and optimizing manufacturing and supply chain procedures by utilizing the supercomputer and Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) capability. GenAI is advancing and gaining traction in various economic sectors and the routine operations of businesses and people. The Fourth Industry Revolution (Industry 4.0), which focused on technical innovation, efficiency, profitability, and quality (driven by information technology (IT) and automation), gradually gave way to the Fifth Industry Revolution (Industry 5.0), which built on Industry 4.0's achievements but placed a stronger emphasis on human wellbeing, and resilience environmental sustainability. Industry 5.0 carries more societal responsibility for human-centric matters while maintaining economic growth objectives, complementing the current Industry 4.0 and together creating what is called the “Techno-Social Revolution.” The role of GenAI is positive in project management and would generate tremendous benefits to project managers, especially in large data analysis, decision-making, and automation of processes, yet GenAI is probably faced with many legal arguments against its deployment. Some of these are accountability for errors and omissions, misguided actions, data privacy, and proprietary information security. However, implementing a governance policy of tracking and auditing processes on GenAI decisions would establish proper accountability and responsibility. Additionally, adopting a multi-layered strategy that involves extensive risk assessments, strong security implementation, ongoing monitoring, training, machine learning, and evaluation of GenAI outputs mitigates these issues. Close collaboration between project managers, IT, and cybersecurity in setting up best practices and rules for employing GenAI will mitigate the legal challenges. Lastly, being open and clear with stakeholders regarding the usage of GenAI and the security and privacy precautions adopted assists in reaching agreeable legal terms and conditions.
</abstract>

The Role of Generative AI in Managing Industry Projects: Transforming Industry 4.0 Into Industry 5.0 Driven Economy

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The tax deductibility of interest expenses is an issue for companies. However, the interest limitation rule may restrict the tax-effective deduction for interest expenses of a business to 30% of the EBITDA. The German Supreme Tax Court (BFH) has submitted the interest limitation to the German Federal Constitutional Court to examine its constitutionality (BFH I R 20/15; 2 BvL 1/16). Since the interest limitation has been introduced by European secondary legislation (Art. 4 ATAD; Anti-Tax-Avoidance Directive) in all EU Member States, and the German rule corresponds exactly to Art. 4 ATAD, the decision of the German Federal Constitutional Court (BVerfG) will have a great signaling effect. The unconstitutionality of the interest limitation rule may prevent important tax policy goals of limiting tax-related debt financing of businesses and corporations from being achieved. According to the BFH, the German Federal Bar Association and the predominant opinion in the German literature, the interest limitation rule violates the ability-to-pay principle under Article 3 (1) of the German Basic Law. However, the existing analysis falls short. An economic and legal analysis of the interest limitation shows that it does not violate constitutional law. Under constitutional law, the legislator may limit the amount of the tax-effective deduction of business expenses to interest expenses that are customary in the market. In doing so, the legislator can use recognized financial ratios, such as the interest-coverage ratio (ICR) that stands behind the 30% EBITDA limit. Constitutional law does not provide for an unlimited tax deduction of interest expenses.
</abstract>

Unconstitutionality of the Interest Limitation? Evidence from Germany: Adequate amount of interest expense in an enterprise and interest coverage ratio

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper argues that if we want a sustainable environment of desirable AI systems, we should aim not only at transparent, explainable, fair, lawful, and accountable algorithms, but we also should seek for “just” algorithms, that is, automated decision-making systems that include all the above-mentioned qualities (transparency, explainability, fairness, lawfulness, and accountability). This is possible through a practical “justification” statement and process (eventually derived from algorithmic impact assessment) through which the data controller proves, in practical ways, why the AI system is not unfair, not discriminatory, not obscure, not unlawful, etc. In other words, this justification (eventually derived from data protection impact assessment on the AI system) proves the legality of the system with respect to all data protection principles (fairness, lawfulness, transparency, purpose limitation, data minimisation, accuracy, storage limitation, integrity, and accountability). All these principles are necessary components of a broader concept of just algorithmic decision-making and is already required by the GDPR, in particular considering: the data protection principles (Article 5), the need to enable (meaningful) contestations of automated decisions (Article 22) and the need to assess the AI system necessity, proportionality and legality under the Data Protection Impact Assessment model framework. (Article 35).
</abstract>

“Just” Algorithms: Justification (Beyond Explanation) of Automated Decisions Under the General Data Protection Regulation

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
AIs’ presence in and influence on human life is growing. AIs are seen more and more as autonomously acting agents, which creates a challenge to build ethics into their design. This paper defends the thesis that we need to equip AI with artificial conscience to make them capable of wise judgements. An argument is built in three steps. First, the concept of decision is presented, and second, the Asilomar Principles for AI development are analysed. It is then shown that to meet those principles AI needs the capability of passing moral judgements on right and wrong, of following that judgement, and of passing a meta-judgement on the correctness of a given moral judgement, which is a role of conscience. In classical philosophy, the ability to discover right and wrong and to stick to one's judgement of what is right action in given circumstances is called <italic>practical wisdom</italic>. The conclusion is that we should equip AI with artificial wisdom. Some problems stemming from ascribing moral agency to AIs are also indicated.
</abstract>

Morality in the AI World

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
There is no area of human activity that would function today without the involvement of AI technologies. AI, a driving force of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, penetrates modern human life with ever-increasing intensity. As it is claimed, it brings about decision-making efficiency and performance accuracy that has never existed before. At the same time, artificial intelligence creates far-reaching dangers to almost every aspect of the modern world. From the legal point of view, the most eminent ones include: the bias stemming from the inherited historical data that AI tends to repeat and multiply, the problem of the lack of transparency (the “black-box society”) that makes it impossible for a human being to understand how AI arrived at a decision, and the elimination of the human being from the decision-making process, which rises the issue of appropriateness and legitimacy. AI can only be developed when sufficient amount of data is available, and hence the article elaborates on the fundamental role that data plays for the modern world, and how transnational corporations set global rules in relation to collection and access to data in a process that lacks democratic accountability and questions the position of states. The article ends with presenting the UE attempts to address the issues that arise in relation to the unrestricted access to data, invasion of privacy and threats posed by artificial intelligence. It also elaborates on the prominent position that the artificial intelligence holds on the EU political agenda and presents political and legislative actions undertaken by the European Union in this regard.
</abstract>

<italic>Homo ex machina.</italic> Artificial Intelligence in a Brave New World—A Glimpse from Europe

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Law and Business

 Law and Business is a peer-reviewed, fully open access online journal, that publishes research papers, reviews and news on a broad range of business law topics, including...

 Law and Business is a peer-reviewed, fully open access online journal, that publishes research papers, reviews and news on a broad range of...