<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Review of Titanium and Steel Welding Methods</title>The paper presents review of methods of titanium and steel welding. On basis of professional literature it was stated that titanium can be joined with steel by means of explosive welding or brazing. Joining titanium with steel by TIG welding and friction welding methods is possible with the use of copper and tantalum or vanadium interlayer.</abstract>

Review of Titanium and Steel Welding Methods

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Underwater Welding - A Review</title>The paper describes principles of underwater welding and recent trends in research works undertaken for enhance welding technology and properties of underwater welds. Department of Materials Technology and Welding at Gdansk University of Technology (GUT) has been involved in underwater welding research for over 25 years. Investigations include technology of underwater welding, and weld properties examinations. All tests have been performed with the use of self designed stands allow to perform welds in shallow depths as well as the depths up to 1000 m. The main investigation directions performed at the Department of Materials Technology and Welding are presented:Weldability of HSLA steel and factors influencing susceptibility to cold cracking of welded joints.The effects of wet welding conditions on diffusible hydrogen amount in the welds.The effects of heat input, underwater welding depths and composition of shielded gases on welds toughness.</abstract>

Underwater Welding - A Review

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Carbon fiber has been used to reinforce both aliphatic and aromatic polyamides. Aliphatic polyamide is known as nylon and aromatic polyamide is often referred to as aramid. Among aliphatic polyamides, polyamide 6, polyamide 6,6, polyamide 11, polyamide 12, and polyamide 1010 have been used as matrices for carbon fiber. Factors affecting the properties of polyamide/carbon fiber composites are: fiber amount, fiber length, fiber orientation, matrix viscosity, matrix-fiber interactions, matrix-fiber adhesion, and conditions encountered during manufacturing processes. This article presents a state-of-the-art review on polyamide/carbon fiber composites. Polyamide/carbon fiber composites are lightweight and exhibit high strength, modulus, fatigue resistance, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, gear, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, chemical inertness, and thermal stability. Incorporation of oxidized or modified carbon fiber and nanoparticle modified carbon fiber into polyamide matrices have been found to further enhance their physical properties. Applications of polyamide/carbon fiber composites in aerospace, automobile, construction, and other industries have been stated in this review. To fully exploit potential of polyamide/carbon fiber composites, concentrated future attempts are needed in this field.</abstract>

Advances in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polyamide-Based Composite Materials

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Copper Oxide is an extensively studied group II-VI semiconductor with optical properties. It exhibits a wide variety of morphologies in the nano regime that can be grown by tuning the growth habit of the CuO crystal. CuO nano materials with an average particle size of 15-27 nm are synthesized by chemical route. XRD, SEM, FTIR UV-Vis and EDS characterize the samples. The percentage of doping material is confirmed from the EDS spectra. The average crystal size of the prepared CuO: La nanopowder is determined by XRD. The UV absorption spectra revealed the absorption edge at wavelength 389 nm indicating the smaller size of CuO:La nano particle. The optical direct band gap energy of doped CuO nanoparticle is found to be in the range 3.149 eV. The increasing red shift with decreasing particle size suggests that the defects responsible for the intra gap states are primarily surface defect. The La doped CuO is highly effective and can significantly enhance the photo catalytic degradation.</abstract>

Department of Physics, Catholicate College, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India -689645

Department of Chemistry, St. Cyril’s College, Adoor, Kerala

Characterisation and Optical Studies of Copper Oxide Nanostructures Doped with Lanthanum Ions

<abstract><title style='display:none'>ABSTRACT</title> The increase in demand for electricity in Europe requires a continuous search for new sources of energy, engineering and technology solutions. Maintaining the current level of electricity production requires not only repair and modernization of the operating units, as well as construction of new blocks of supercritical and ultrasupercritical. Increasing thermal efficiency while reducing energy costs is possible through the use of finned tubes for heat exchangers. This paper presents the technologies of finned tubes, with particular emphasis on innovative laser welding technology developed in the Energoinstal SA company. The use of high power disk laser allows the welding of finned tubes several times more efficient compared to arc welding technology, while maintaining stringent quality and technical requirements.</abstract>

Manufacturing Technologies of Finned Tubes

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> In this work, we studied with a Matlab program, some of optical properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) deposited on glass (SiO2). The parameters studied include the refraction index, extinction coefficient, optical band gap, and complex dielectric constant versus incident photon energy, and transmittance, absorbance and reflectance spectrum of ZnO thin film deposited on glass (SiO2) for different thickness. The films were found to exhibit high transmittance (75- 95%), low absorbance and low reflectance in the visible / near infrared region up to 1000 nm. However, the absorbance of the films was found to be high in the ultra violet region with peak around 380 nm.</abstract>

Optical Properties of ZnO Thin Film

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In present study mass loss behaviour of base metal and heat-treated API X70 pipeline steel in different environments such as fresh water, sea water and sodium thiosulphate medium were observed for 50 days. Corrosion is the main failure in pipeline steel which need to be reduced with the use of suitable heat treatment process. In present study two heat treatment such as HT-1 900 °C (2 hour) with tempering at 450 °C (4 hour) and HT-2 800 °C (2 hour) with tempering at 450 °C (4 hour) was used. Mechanical, microstructure and corrosion rate of HT-1 and HT-2 specimen in different environments were observed. Maximum corrosion rate (0.306 mm/y) in fresh water while minimum corrosion rate (0.181 mm/y) in sodium thiosulphate medium was observed for base metal. Maximum corrosion rate (0.224 mm/y) in sodium thiosulphate while minimum corrosion rate (0.106 mm/y) in fresh water medium was observed for HT-1 specimen. For HT-2 specimen, Maximum corrosion rate (0.192 mm/y) in sea water while minimum corrosion rate (0.099 mm/y) in fresh water medium was observed. For HT-2 specimen, maximum average hardness of (30.3 HRC) in sea water while minimum average hardness of (28 HRC) of base metal was observed. In fresh water also HT-2 specimen, maximum average hardness is (26.3 HRC) while minimum average hardness of (24.6 HRC) of base metal was observed. After that maximum average hardness of base metal (26.6 HRC) in sodium thiosulphate while minimum average hardness of (21 HRC) of HT-2 specimen was observed.
</abstract>

Experimental Investigation on Corrosion Behaviour of Heat-Treated API X70 Pipeline Steel

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This work examines the grown of Zn1-xCoxO films at different Co concentrations at 420°C by ultrasonic spray deposition. The effect of Co concentration of Zn1-xCoxO films on optical characterization, structure crystallinity and electrical conductivity was studied. Transmission spectra of Zn1-xCoxO films presented three edges in the visible region, it was observed in the range of 541 and 656 nm of wavelengths, which related to the d-d transitions of Co2+ ion with 3d7 high-spin configurations in a tetrahedral crystal field formed by neighboring O2−ions. The gap energy was found increases after doping by Co to maximum value of 3.373 eV at x=0.04. The Urbach energy minimum was 0.083eV, it is obtained for x=0.01. The sprayed Zn1-xCoxO films exhibit a wurtzite structure with preferred orientation in the (002) direction. The maximum crystallite size of Zn1-xCoxO films was 95.61 nm at x=0.06. The maximum electrical conductivity of the Co doped ZnO films was located at x=0.06.
</abstract>

The Characterization of Zn1-XCoxO Thin Films Synthesized by Ultrasonic Spray Deposition with Controlled Visible Light Absorption

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This state-of-the-art article is designed to cover essential aspects of graphene based nanomaterials for energy storage purposes. Graphene is, a unique nanocarbon, one atom thick nanosheet made up of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms. Graphene has been focused for various technical energy related devices and systems owing to remarkable structure and properties. In energy storage applications, graphene has been applied for varying devices like supercapacitors, fuel cell and batteries. Important utilization of graphene and derived nanocomposites have been observed for lithium (Li) ion batteries. In this context, graphene has been found to offer superior surface area, electron conduction, electrochemical properties, charge or energy density, reversible capacity, rate capacity, cyclic stability, charge-discharge behavior, and other progressive characteristics for effectual energy or charge storage. In addition, graphene derived nanomaterials have been researched for structural, morphological, mechanical, thermal, and other physical characteristics. Hence, graphene and nanocomposites have been reported as efficient Li ion battery electrode or electrolyte material. Future progress on designing new efficient graphene derived nanocomposites and three dimensional graphene based nanomaterials may overcome the challenges towards the formation of high performance battery electrode or electrolyte materials.
</abstract>

Imprints of Graphene Nanocomposites Towards Energy Storage Potential of Lithium Ion Batteries—State of the Art and Perspectives

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This study investigates the correlation among the impact strength of Polylactic acid (PLA) material as well as many 3D printing parameters, including layer height, infill density, extrusion temperature, and print speed, using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) in Additive Manufacturing (AM). By using well-planned trials, the ASTM D256 standard assessed the impact strength of samples. Impact strength was optimized using six distinct techniques: Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Simulated Annealing (SA), Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO), and Cohort Intelligence (CI). These approaches are reliable since they consistently delivered similar impact strength values after several iterations. The best algorithms, according to the study, were TLBO and JAYA, which produced a maximum impact strength of 4.08 kJ/m2. The algorithms’ effectiveness was validated by validation studies, which showed little error and near matches between the expected and actual impact strength values. The advantages of employing these methods to increase the impact strength of PLA material for 3D printing are illustrated in the present research, which provides helpful insights on how to improve FDM procedures.
</abstract>

Optimising the Impact Strength of 3D Printed PLA Components Using Metaheuristic Algorithms

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This work presents an analysis of the effect of ball indentation on fatigue crack growth. The main objective is to assess the effectiveness of indentation, particularly its influence on the J-integral, as a fracture criterion governing fracture toughness. Using the finite element method in Abaqus 6.14, we analyzed the residual stresses induced by indentation at different positions along the predicted line of crack propagation and calculated the J-integral. The results highlight that indentation at the crack tip position significantly reduces the J-integral compared to non-indented structures, demonstrating its potential to extend the lifespan of cracked components by delaying crack propagation. The findings underscore the practical application of ball indentation as a viable technique to retard crack growth, contributing to the longevity of cracked components and, consequently, structural integrity. This analysis revealed a crack propagation retardation gain of up to 56%.
</abstract>

Numerical Investigation of Indentation-Induced Residual Stresses and their Effect on J-Integral and Crack Propagation

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) is a commonly employed plastic in the production of greenhouse covers due to its advantageous attributes of flexibility, durability, and transparency. Notably, LDPE’s ability to resist UV radiation plays a crucial role in protecting plants from harmful solar rays. However, the extended lifespan initially anticipated for this material is frequently undermined by the intricate process of LDPE aging. This study examines how the mechanical properties and creep behavior of monolayer and tri-layer PE materials change over nine months of natural aging in the Tiaret region of northwest of Algeria. Tri-layer polyethylene (PE) film outperforms mono-layer PE in strength (2.37x), elasticity (35%), and creep resistance due to its enhanced barrier against environmental factors. It maintains 50% elongation even after 9 months, while mono-layer PE degrades 50% in six months with a tensile strength of 14 MPa.
</abstract>

Climatic Ageing of Low Density Polyethylene in Agricultural Greenhouses

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Among the minerals found in the earth's crust, clay minerals are of the widest interest. Due to the specific properties such as plasticity, absorbing and catalytic properties clay minerals are used in many industries (oil &amp; gas, chemistry, pharmacy, refractory technology, ceramics etc.). In drilling, a phenomenon of swelling clays is frequently observed. It has an important impact on the cementing quality. During the last few decades clays have been the subject of research on a scale unprecedented in the history of mineralogy. This paper presents review literature on mineralogy of clay minerals and phenomenon of swelling in oil and gas industry. Unique ion exchange properties and clay swelling mechanisms are also considered.</abstract>

Clay Minerals – Mineralogy and Phenomenon of Clay Swelling in Oil &amp; Gas Industry

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a nanofibrilar polymer produced by strains such as <italic>Gluconacetobacter xylinus,</italic> one of the best bacterial species which given the highest efficiency in cellulose production. Bacterial cellulose is a biomaterial having unique properties such as: chemical purity, good mechanical strength, high flexibility, high absorbency, possibility of forming any shape and size and many others. Such a large number of advantages contributes to the widespread use of the BNC in food technology, paper, electronic industry, but also the architecture in use. However, the greatest hopes are using the BNC in medicine. This text contains information about bacterial nanocellulose, its specific mechanical and biological properties and current applications.</abstract>

Bacterial Nanocellulose as a Microbiological Derived Nanomaterial

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) is one of the most intensively studied of coatings’ applications area. From 1970’s TBC are developed in two independent ways: (i) development in new materials, with lower thermal conductivity, better erosion resistance and better thermal shock resistance or (ii) development in new deposition techniques. On this field besides conventional atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) and almost conventional (because of very common use) EB-PVD method, in the past 20 years two new techniques have been developed, namely suspension plasma spraying (SPS) and solution precursor plasma spraying (SPPS). In this paper only SPS method was described, as well as, new materials, which could be used in industrial applications of TBC. Moreover, the key issues, like suspension preparation, type of suspension injection, interaction between liquid droplets and plasma jet and deposition mechanism were described.</abstract>

Thermal Barrier Coatings Manufactured by Suspension Plasma Spraying - A Review

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Laser welding is used in modern industry, having many advantages comparing to traditional welding technologies. Nowadays, industry sectors such as shipbuilding, automotive and aviation can’t be imagined without laser processing technologies. Possibility of increase of welded joint properties, autogenous welding and high level of process automation makes the technology of laser welding perspective part of the industry. Physical multidimensional processes complexity requires a deeper understanding of the impact of laser welding parameters on the quality of welded joints for industrial implementation. The paper presents results of microstructure investigations of laser beam welded stainless steel under various welding parameters. Welded joints was achieved by Ytterbium fiber laser type without the use of the filler material. Material for test was 2205 ferritic-austenitic duplex stainless steel (DSS) plates with thickness of 8 mm in delivery condition. The objectives of this research was to investigate influence of laser welding parameters on weld geometry of butt-welded joints. Investigations of bead shape revealed correlation between laser beam focus position and weld penetration depth.</abstract>

Influence of Parameters of Laser Beam Welding on Structure of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel

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Advances in Materials Science

The Journal of Gdansk University of Technology

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