<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The goal of this paper is to investigate the influence of the objectively existing effectiveness functions of an aircraft control system upon the control and managerial decision making process in the framework of the subjective entropy maximum princi-ple. The subjective analysis theory entropy paradigm makes it possible to consider the aircraft control system based upon personal preferences as an active system governed by an individual (active element of the control system) with the help of her/his individual subjective preferences optimal distributions obtained in conditions of operational multi-alternativeness and those operational alternatives the active system active element’s individual subjective preferences uncertainty. The described ap-proach takes into account the simple two-alternative operational situation in regards with the objectively existing effectiveness functions, related to the aircraft control system, in the view of a controlled parameter and a combination of it with its rate as the ratio. The obtained expressions for the objective functional extremal functions of the effectiveness and preferences, as well as the subjective entropy of the alternatives preferences, illustrated in diagrams visualize the situation and allow taking a good choice. The ideas of the required proper governing, managing, and control methods choice optimization with respect to only 2 alternative objective effectiveness functions arguments might be simple; nevertheless, increasing the number of parameters and further complication of the problem setting will not change the principle of the problem solution.
</abstract>

The User-Preferred Optimal Flight Parameters in an Active Navigational System in a Multi-Alternative Situation

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Efficiency is a crucial parameter for an airplane to reduce both cost of operations and emission of pollutants. There are several airplane concepts that potentially allow for increasing the efficiency. A few of them were not investigated thoroughly enough yet. The inverted joined wing configuration, with the upper wing in front of the lower one is an example of such concept. Therefore, a project consisting of development of an experimental scaled demonstrator, and its wind tunnel and flight testing, was undertaken by consortium: Institute of Aviation, Warsaw University of Technology, Air Force Institute of Technology and a MSP company. Results led to a conclusion, that the inverted joined wing configuration allows to build an airplane with excellent performance, but its advantage against the conventional airplane is marginal because of large trimming drag of the configuration with relatively high position of the thrust vector in pusher configuration. It was applied because the demonstrator was a flying model of manned airplane and the tractor configuration would affect the pilot’s field of observation. However, in case of the UAV, this reason becomes insignificant. Therefore two configurations of tractor propulsion were tested to see, if their performance is better than the performance of original design.
</abstract>

CFD Analysis of the Tractor Propulsion Concepts for an Inverted Joined Wing Airplane

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Aircraft, their assemblies, and units must provide high durability and reliability, and maintain mechanical and technological characteristics throughout the life span of the aircraft. Different elements of aircraft structures work under mechanical loads, over a wide temperature range, with varying degrees of exposure to corrosive environments. Aircraft structural materials have a variation in the characteristics values and require the various testing methods for their inspection.
In many NDT methods applied in aviation materials testing, signals that could be represented by a narrowband processes model are used. Known methods of their processing are focused on determining and analyzing the signals amplitude characteristics, but the information resource contained in phase characteristics is not used.
In the article, the methodology for signal processing and determining phase characteristics in the time domain are discussed. It is based on the combination of the discrete Hilbert transform and the deterministic and statistical methods of the phase measurement. There are given examples of the application of the methodology for pulsed eddy current testing of electrically conductive materials and products, ultrasonic thickness measurement of products made of materials have significant ultrasonic attenuation, the realization impulse variant of acoustic impedance flaw detection of products made of composite materials. The examples have shown that the proposed signal processing methodology enables to determine new information parameters and signal characteristics for the industry, and extend the scope of known NDT methods.
</abstract>

“Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”

Advanced Signal Processing Methods for Inspection of Aircraft Structural Materials

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

In paper the issue of a rocket flight impact and overall survivability of such flight by <italic>Apis mellifera</italic> (western honeybees) specimens is raised. Author claims that it is the key for using them on Mars for pollination in future, as this species is considered as one of the best pollinators, and should be examined before sending first human missions to the Red Planet. Rocket payload ‘BeeO!Logical’ was designed in order to conduct the research, the first of its kind worldwide. Its assumptions are presented along with overall descriptions of the experiments in two sounding rockets. Analysed data included survivability, carbon dioxide concentration values (respiration levels), temperature and humidity. It has been shown that <italic>A. mellifera</italic> specimens are able to survive the rocket flight. Project development possibilities are described, including widening the scope of the research with bumblebees (<italic>Bombus</italic>) and implementation of biocybernetic model of bee colony.
</abstract>

Can we be with Bee on Mars? Evaluating the Impact of a Rocket Flight on the Condition of Honeybees (<italic>Apis mellifera</italic>)

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Eddy current (EC) method is considered as most applicable for in-service detection of fatigue subsurface cracks initiated in aircraft multilayer structures near the rivet holes. At the same time, the successful solution of this problem is obstructed by additional noise created by defect-free rivets. All EC inspection techniques for the detection of subsurface cracks around the rivets can be classified into three main groups: 1) static mode – carried out by placing the EC probe concentrically on the rivet head; 2) rotational mode – when the EC probe is rotated around the rivet axle and 2) sliding mode – performed by the movement of EC probe along the rivet line or near it. All these approaches have some advantages and limitations. In this study, known EC techniques for the detection of cracks in multilayer aircraft structures are analyzed. New advanced EC techniques for the detection of fatigue cracks in internal layers of the riveted structures based on different types (ring, sliding, and rotational) probes are presented. The static EC method with developed low-height ring-type probe creates the possibility to detect cracks in the difficult of access areas. The possibility to estimate the length of detected cracks by a ring-type probe is shown. The proposed rotational remote field EC probe can detect as small as 1.0 mm long cracks under the button-head rivet and 2 mm thick upper skin with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Therefore, in many aircraft structures, fatigue cracks will be detected before a critical threshold achieved. New EC sliding techniques based on remote field and double differential probes were proposed for the rapid detection of cracks in internal layers of riveted aircraft structures. Remote-field EC probe for reliable detection of fatigue cracks in third and fourth layers of five-layer units was proposed. Another sliding technique based on a double differential EC probe gives the possibility to detect transverse cracks in the second layer without the rivet row area access. The main advantage of developed techniques is high inspection reliability due to the possibility to discriminate the signals created by cracks and defect-free rivets. Presented inspection procedures include the selective signal analysis in the complex plane diagram. Proposed EC inspection techniques were successfully implemented into the aircraft maintenance practice.
</abstract>

Detection of the Fatigue Cracks Initiated near the Rivet Holes by Eddy Current Inspection Techniques

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

This article summarizes avionics safety-critical software development methodologies and implications of the DO-178C standard from an Agile application perspective. We explain the safety-critical software categorization. It also outlines the main differences and advantages of different approaches to the development process, from Waterfall through the V-model to Iterative and Incremental. Agile principles are explained as well as a Scrum – which is a popular framework in the non-safety-critical software industry. The application of Agile, for safety-critical software considerations, is based on the practical knowledge of the authors, and looks at the potential solution from a DO-178C standard, size of the project, scalability, and organizational culture points of view. Definition of the Agile type of framework, consistent with the certification process and existing standards, has been highlighted as a potential game-changer for the avionics industry.
</abstract>

Safety Critical Software Development Methodologies in Avionics

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Transactions on Aerospace Research

Aims&amp;ScopeAbout: History and MissionQuality AssuranceArchiving and IntegrityOpen Access and FeesAdvertising and MarketingPublishing Schedule AIMS &amp; SCOPE Core Focus and Article SelectionThe primary aim of Transactions on Aerospace Research is to serve as a dynamic platform for the advancement and exchange of state-of-the-art knowledge in aerospace research. The journal covers a wide range of topics in aerospace engineering, including but not limited to:  Aerodynamics and Aeroacoustics Avionics Aircraft Performance, Stability, and Control Structural Engineering Aerospace Materials Propulsion Systems Navigation and Guidance Systems Maintenance and Diagnostics Manufacturing Technologies Safety and Reliability Vibrations and Aeroelasticity Additionally, it welcomes contributions from related scientific areas intersecting with aviation and space exploration, including but not limited to the following:  Astrophysics Astronomy Remote Sensing Photogrammetry Atmospheric Sciences Materials Sciences Aviation and Space Law Aviation and Space Economy Aviation and Space Organization Aviation and Space Medicine History of Aviation and Space Technology Aerospace Communication In view of its history, Transactions on Aerospace Research has played a distinctive role in bringing the Eastern European aviation-engineering traditions to a wider global audience, and integrating them into the broader global traditions. However, the journal now has a more global reach. It continuously seeks to foster innovation and to encourage collaboration among researchers from diverse backgrounds, pushing the boundaries of what is considered possible in aerospace technology and science. By highlighting cutting-edge research and facilitating discourse on emerging trends and challenges, Transactions on Aerospace Research aims to be at the forefront of shaping the future of aerospace engineering and contributing significantly to the field's evolution. Transactions on Aerospace Research is an Open Access journal, offering increased visibility and impact for authors' work. We do not charge any article processing charges or other publication fees. This approach aligns with our mission to disseminate cutting-edge research freely and widely. ABOUT Transactions on Aerospace Research is published by the Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Aviation in Warsaw. History and MissionThe Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Aviation in Warsaw, originally established as the Technical Research Institute of Aviation back in 1926, has played a pivotal role in the testing and development of nearly all Polish-designed aircraft. The beginnings of the journal date back to an early series of publications known as “IBTL Reports”. After WWII, the Institute began publishing a research journal in 1956, then known as Transactions of the Institute of Aviation [Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa]. In 2018 the name was changed to the current one, Transactions on Aerospace Research – the new title reflecting our commitment to being a global platform for all scholars in aviation and space sciences. The primary aim of Transactions on Aerospace Research is to serve as a dynamic platform for the advancement and state-of-the-art knowledge in aerospace research. The journal has played a distinctive role in bringing the Eastern European aviation-engineering traditions to a wider global audience, and integrating them into the broader global traditions. However, the journal now has a more global reach. It continuously seeks to foster innovation and to encourage collaboration among researchers from diverse backgrounds, pushing the boundaries of what is considered possible in aerospace technology and science. By highlighting cutting-edge research and facilitating discourse on emerging trends and challenges, Transactions on Aerospace Research aims to be at the forefront of shaping the future of aerospace engineering and contributing significantly to the field's evolution. Under the leadership of Professor Cezary Galiński, Editor in Chief, our journal has consistently been growing in prestige and global reach. Quality AssuranceEach submission undergoes a rigorous double-blind peer-review process, ensuring the highest standards of academic excellence. We are proud to be indexed in a number of research databases, including the ICI Journals Master List and BazTech databases, highlighting our commitment to quality and accessibility in scientific publishing. Archiving and IntegrityAs a forward-looking scientific journal, we strive to ensure the longevity and integrity of our publications. We utilize the Sciendo archiving system in Portico [https://www.portico.org/] for long-term digital preservation. Additionally, our participation in the Similarity Check System guarantees the originality and trustworthiness of the content we publish. Open Access and Fees Transactions on Aerospace Research is an Open Access journal, offering increased visibility and impact for authors' work. We do not charge any article processing charges or other publication fees. This approach aligns with our mission to disseminate cutting-edge research freely and widely. The publishing costs for the journal are primarily covered by the Scientific Publications Department of the Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Aviation in Warsaw, with additional funding sourced from the Polish Ministry of Education. Advertising and MarketingThe journal does not host any commercial advertising or marketing activities. Publishing ScheduleThe journal is published four times each year: in the months of March, June, September and December. WERSJA PLCELE I ZAKRESOPIS: Historia i misjaZapewnienie jakościArchiwizacja i integralnośćOtwarty dostęp i opłatyReklama i marketingHarmonogram wydawniczy CELE I ZAKRES Główny cel i zakres tematycznyCzasopismo Transactions on Aerospace Research ma za zadanie służyć jako dynamiczna platforma dla rozwoju i wymiany najnowocześniejszej wiedzy w dziedzinie badań nad lotnictwem i kosmonautyką. Czasopismo obejmuje szeroki zakres tematów z dziedziny inżynierii lotniczej i kosmicznej, w tym między innymi:  Aerodynamika i aeroakustyka Awionika Osiągi, stabilność i kontrola statków powietrznych Inżynieria strukturalna Materiały lotnicze i kosmiczne Systemy napędowe Systemy nawigacji i naprowadzania Konserwacja i diagnostyka Technologie produkcyjne Bezpieczeństwo i niezawodność Drgania i aeroelastyczność Ponadto, mile widziane są wypowiedzi z pokrewnych dziedzin naukowych, które przecinają się z lotnictwem i eksploracją kosmosu, w tym między innymi z następujących:  Astrofizyka Astronomia Teledetekcja Fotogrametria Nauki o atmosferze Nauki o materiałach Prawo lotnicze i kosmiczne Lotnictwo i gospodarka kosmiczna Organizacja lotnictwa i przestrzeni kosmicznej Medycyna lotnicza i kosmiczna Historia lotnictwa i technologii kosmicznych Komunikacja lotnicza Ze względu na swoją historię, Transactions on Aerospace Research odgrywa wyróżniającą się rolę w przybliżaniu wschodnioeuropejskich tradycji inżynierii lotniczej szerszej globalnej publiczności i integrowaniu ich z szerszymi tradycjami światowymi. Obecnie czasopismo ma jeszcze bardziej globalny zasięg. Nieustannie dąży do wspierania innowacji i zachęcania do współpracy naukowców z różnych środowisk, przesuwając granice tego, co uważa się za możliwe w technologii lotniczej i nauce. Transactions on Aerospace Research stara się być liderem w kształtowaniu przyszłości inżynierii lotniczej i kosmicznej oraz znacząco przyczyniać się do ewolucji tej dziedziny poprzez podkreślanie najnowocześniejszych badań i ułatwianie dyskusji na temat pojawiających się trendów i wyzwań. Transactions on Aerospace Research jest czasopismem Open Access. Nie pobieramy żadnych opłat za przetwarzanie artykułów ani innych opłat za publikację. Takie podejście jest zgodne z naszą misją swobodnego i szerokiego rozpowszechniania najnowszych badań. OPIS „Transactions on Aerospace Research” jest czasopismo naukowe publikowane przez Sieć Badawczą Łukasiewicz - Instytut Lotnictwa w Warszawie. Historia i misja Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Lotnictwa w Warszawie została pierwotnie założona jako Techniczne Zakłady Naukowe Lotnictwa w 1926 roku i odegrała kluczową rolę w testowaniu i rozwoju niemal wszystkich samolotów polskiej konstrukcji. Początki czasopisma sięgają wczesnej serii publikacji znanych jako „Raporty IBTL”. Po II wojnie światowej, w 1956 roku, Instytut rozpoczął wydawanie czasopisma naukowego pod nazwą „Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa”. W 2018 roku nazwa została zmieniona na obecną, czyli „Transactions on Aerospace Research", co odzwierciedla nasze zaangażowanie w bycie globalną platformą dla wszystkich naukowców zajmujących się lotnictwem i naukami kosmicznymi. Czasopismo „Transactions on Aerospace Research” ma za zadanie służyć jako dynamiczna platforma dla rozwoju i wymiany najnowszej wiedzy w dziedzinie badań lotniczych. Czasopismo odgrywa wyróżniającą się rolę w przybliżaniu wschodnioeuropejskich tradycji inżynierii lotniczej szerszej globalnej publiczności i integrowaniu ich z szerszymi tradycjami światowymi. Nieustannie dąży do wspierania innowacji i zachęcania do współpracy naukowców z różnych środowisk, przesuwając granice tego, co uważa się za możliwe w technologii lotniczej i nauce. „Transactions on Aerospace Research” stara się być liderem w kształtowaniu przyszłości inżynierii lotniczej i kosmicznej oraz znacząco przyczyniać się do ewolucji tej dziedziny poprzez podkreślanie najnowocześniejszych badań i ułatwianie dyskusji na temat pojawiających się trendów i wyzwań. Pod kierownictwem profesora Cezarego Galińskiego, redaktora naczelnego, nasze czasopismo konsekwentnie zyskuje na prestiżu i globalnym zasięgu. Na podstawie komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 17 lipca 2023 roku za artykuły publikowane na łamach Transactions on Aerospace Research przyznawane jest 20 punktów do dorobku naukowego. Zapewnienie jakościKażda praca złożona do czasopisma przechodzi rygorystyczny proces recenzji „podwójnie ślepej”, zapewniając najwyższe standardy doskonałości akademickiej. Jesteśmy indeksowani w wielu bazach danych badawczych, w tym w bazach danych ICI Journals Master List i BazTech, co podkreśla nasze zaangażowanie w jakość i dostępność publikacji naukowych. Archiwizacja i integralnośćJako przyszłościowe czasopismo naukowe staramy się zapewnić długowieczność i integralność naszych publikacji. Korzystamy z systemu archiwizacji Sciendo w Portico [https://www.portico.org/] w celu długoterminowej ochrony zasobów cyfrowych. Ponadto nasz udział w systemie Similarity Check gwarantuje oryginalność i wiarygodność publikowanych przez nas treści. Otwarty dostęp i opłatyTransactions on Aerospace Research jest czasopismem Open Access, oferującym większą widoczność i wpływ na pracę autorów. Nie pobieramy żadnych opłat za przetwarzanie artykułów ani innych opłat za publikację. Takie podejście jest zgodne z naszą misją swobodnego i szerokiego rozpowszechniania najnowszych badań. Koszty wydawnicze czasopisma pokrywane są głównie przez Dział Wydawnictw Naukowych Sieci Badawczej Łukasiewicz – Instytutu Lotnictwa w Warszawie, a dodatkowe środki pochodzą z Ministerstwa Edukacji Narodowej. Reklama i marketingCzasopismo nie prowadzi żadnych komercyjnych działań reklamowych ani marketingowych. Harmonogram wydawniczyCzasopismo jest publikowane cztery razy w roku, w miesiącach Marzec, Czerwiec, Wrzesień i Grudzień 