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This introduction reconstructs the arguments of the editor and contributors of 2022 volume of the Hungarian Studies Yearbook that focuses on the possible thematic and methodological challenge that authors brought in our attention.
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Introduction: From Musealisation of Music to Italian Migrant Workers in Hungary Through Some Linguistic Issues

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Is it possible or desirable at all to establish a museum for music? The question was first posed by Franz Liszt in the 19th century. This essay will not only present the background and context of the question, but also the contradictory conclusions that emerge from the idea of the musealisation of music, and which still linger in 20th-and 21st-century music culture.
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Franz Liszt and the Temple of Art

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Until about 1985, apart from traditional dialectological research, the study of Hungarian in Hungary focused mostly on the Codified Standard Hungarian variety, whose speakers are powerful in social but not in numerical terms. Sociolinguistic research since 1985 has now resulted in a program which embraces not only the 10 million (largely monolingual) Hungarians in Hungary proper, but also the 3 million bi- or multilingual minority Hungarians in the seven neighboring countries (kin-states). This program was initiated by researchers of the Department of Sociolinguistics in the Linguistics Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. This paper offers linguists who do not read Hungarian an overview of this research carried out between 1985 and 2022.
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Hungarian Sociolinguistics in the Carpathian Basin, 1985–2022

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Borders are particular (in-between) spaces: they have this side and the other side, which involve several real and imaginary spaces at the same time. For minorities, “beyond the borders” is also a specific space of language use. This paper discusses the correlations between minority bilingualism and social structure characteristics based on sociological surveys, taking as approach the sociology of space and John Ogbu’s ecological cultural model of schooling. It aims to offer an overview of my research carried out on this topic and tries to provide some references for rethinking the sociological implications of minority education considering the experiences of three decades since the fall of communism in Romania. The main results of this research – in concordance with other findings of similar inquiries – show that a mother-tongue education for ethnic Hungarian children in Romania is a necessary but not sufficient condition for reducing the structural gap that Hungarians in Transylvania have inherited from the 20th century. This study is centred on the aspects of interrelation between the language of education and labour market, more specifically on those linked to the attitudes and patterns of behaviour towards the official language, with particular focus on the role that languages play in the society and, in a narrower sense, in self-positioning on the labour market.
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Hungarian Beyond the Border1 On the Contexts of Education, Bilingualism, and Labour Market in the Early 21st Century. The Transylvanian Perspective

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The latest research conducted in the Hungarian community of the City of Zagreb has shown that the Hungarian language is slowly losing its communication functions in informal domains (family, friends, the sphere of intimacy) and is withdrawing before Croatian, i.e., that language shift is in progress. As one of the key factors affecting language shift, school is mentioned as support in families in intergenerational language transmission and language preservation in the community. Croatia has ensured an institutional framework for education in minority languages to its minorities through a series of regulatory acts. However, exercising this right is often followed by numerous difficulties. In case of the Hungarian minority, this is due to geographical dispersity. Nevertheless, during the 1990s, a  Hungarian group in kindergarten, a  bilingual class and nurturing language for primary- and secondary-school pupils were launched in Zagreb. In order to obtain a clearer image of how various class models in a minority language actually function and which problems their participants are faced with, we conducted a preliminary research among younger members of the community who attended classes in Hungarian at least at one point during their education. We completed the results with information obtained through informal conversations with preschool and school teachers as well as through immediate observations of the community.
</abstract>

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Hungarology, Turkology and Judaic Studies

University of Rijeka, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences

<italic>“We were that small, special group in that large school with »normal« classes”</italic> Education in a Minority Language in the Context of Hungarians From Zagreb

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Hungarian displays a characteristic syntax, that within the generative approach was called non-configurational. For this reason its description is at least unusual, and it cannot be taught with the same formal concepts used for most of the other European languages.
Functional approaches, with Functional Discourse Grammar among them, seem to be especially useful in both describing and teaching Hungarian, because they allow the interplay between pragmatics, syntax and semantics. This article sets the most important traditional assumptions about Hungarian syntax within the functional approach, concentrating on issues with word order. It is suggested that the so-called post-verbal field is very important. The central claim is that in a Hungarian sentence not only is the context of the expression recognized, given by the Topic and a possible Focus of communication, but also a distinct target of our discourse: a constituent signalling what we are speaking of that facilitates the making of the sentence.
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What are we Speaking of? A New Perspective on the Post-verbal Field in Hungarian

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Hunglish is a term for Hungarian native speakers’ English pronunciation. It is a well recognisable and quite homogeneous accent, which is thoroughly described in the literature of second language acquisition. However, this paper proposes that Hungarian speakers living in Romania use a phonologically different Hunglish compared to those living in Hungary. The study is built on direct speech recordings made with 30 Hungarian speakers descending from various parts of Transylvania. Their accent is confronted with the pronunciation of 15 speakers from Hungary, who participated in the same reading experiment. Results indicate that the English pronunciation of the two groups mostly share the same phonetic and phonological features. Only a few persistent phonological differences can be identified; for instance, English open back vowels [ʌ, ɒ, ɑ] are replaced with Hungarian [ɒ] by the Transylvanian informants, and with [a] by the speakers from Hungary; Transylvanian informants preserve more English schwas and diphthongs due to their L2 Romanian, etc. The differences basically originate in the fact that Transylvanian speakers’ interlanguage is much more heterogeneous than that of Hungarians’, i.e. Transylvanians speak a substandard version of Hungarian as L1, they speak a Transylvanian dialect, they speak Romanian at high level as L2, and they usually speak further foreign languages as well beyond English; these varieties all affect their foreign accent. The paper takes account of the most important characteristics of Transylvanian Hunglish, with a synchronic phono-logical analysis, and a contrastive analysis with the general phonological properties of Hunglish found in the literature.
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“Transylvanian Hunglish” Phonological Properties of Hungarian Accented English in Transylvania

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Such a universal yet abstract concept as time can show variation in metaphorical language. This research focuses on metaphorical language within the framework of the cognitive metaphor theory, investigating the image of time through a contrastive cross-linguistic approach. This study attempts to identify genitival components associated with time in a metaphorical context, with a focus on image-based metaphors e.g. <italic>the teeth of time</italic> or <italic>the river of time.</italic> The hypothesis is that certain patterns of lexicalization of cognitive processes related to time could differ in Hungarian, English and Finnish, and to support this claim cognitive underpinnings of metaphors are investigated using an empirical corpus-based method.
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Comparative Analysis of Genitival Components in Time Metaphors

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Bible concordances lead Bible readers with rendering words and phrases of the Holy Bible in alphabetical listings and show where the terms occur throughout all books of Scripture. With cross-references for verses, concordances make it easy to understand the meaning of terms and the context in which those words are used. In Hungarian Bible studies several translations of the Bible are available (also online) and some of the contemporary translations are provided with on-the-fly concordances. Online versions of the Bible translations can easily build KWIC-concordances but not in an equal way. The study shows different approaches to online Bible concordance of the Hungarian translations to be found online and also tries to illustrate bottlenecks of concordance making on the off-line concordance being built to the so called ÚRK Bible (Újonnan Revideált Biblia – Newly Revised Bible). The obstacles in this concordance are connected with terminological and lexicographic approaches as this concordance is based on translations of the keywords of the ESV Bible Concordance.
</abstract>

Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute of Hungarian Linguistic, Literary and Cultural Studies, Department of Hungarian Linguistics

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute of English Studies, Department of English Linguistics

The Role of Online Bible Readers in Biblical Concordance Making

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Emigration has been a crucial experience for the inhabitants of the Italian Friuli region, at least since the 13th century when Friulian peddlers started journeying from country to country. When it grew into a mass phenomenon in the 19th century, an increasing number of Friulian workers arrived in Hungary, and were involved in industrial activities as both entrepreneurs and employed labour. They gained a leading role in the Hungarian meat industry with the establishment of salami factories that created the conditions for the spread of a new product, the salami. In Debrecen, two Friulian families pursued this activity with numerous Friulian workers and one of them, the Vidoni company, became the third-largest salami factory in Hungary. The activities of the Friulian factories are considerable not only for Hungarian industrial history, but also because they shed light on the migratory processes and broaden the horizon of historical knowledge on Hungarian-Italian relations.
</abstract>

The Friulian Presence in Hungarian Industry with Particular Regard to the Meat Industry of Debrecen in the 19th century

AHEAD OF PRINT

Volume 5 (2023): Issue 1 (November 2023) ed. Edith KÁDÁR, István BERSZÁN, Árpád Töhötöm SZABÓ

Volume 4 (2022): Issue 1 (November 2022) ed. Emese FAZAKAS

Volume 3 (2021): Issue 1 (December 2021) eds. Attila BENŐ, Imre József BALÁZS and Árpád Töhötöm SZABÓ

Volume 2 (2020): Issue 1 (December 2020) eds. Emese FAZAKAS and Levente T. SZABÓ

Volume 1 (2019): Issue 1 (December 2019) ed. István BERSZÁN

Hungarian Studies Yearbook

The Hungarian Studies Yearbook provides an English-language forum for high-quality peer-reviewed research into the Hungarian language, literature, and culture (including ethnography, ethnology, interdisciplinary cultural studies, translation studies, comparative literature based on Hungarian sources, theatre and film studies, etc.). The journal is published by one of the most important international centres of Hungarian studies, the Cluj / Kolozsvár-based scholarly community at the Faculty of Letters of the Babeș-Bolyai University (Romania), and it is supported by a prestigious body of international scholars and peer-reviewers. The HSY acts as an open-access framework for innovative research and aims at attracting a variety of critical approaches and wide-ranging perspectives on contemporary and historical Hungary, including the reception of Hungarian literature, language, and culture in various historical, cultural, geographical and social environments, different media and translations. The HSY focuses mainly on the humanities and social sciences, but periodically also publishes thematic issues that experiment with an interdisciplinary dialogue and widen the traditional perspective of Hungarian studies.    Its publishing policy includes double-blind peer-review to filter the scientifically acceptable papers and improve the quality of the manuscripts. The Hungarian Studies Yearbook is published once per year, every October. The journal adheres to the standards of the Committee on Publication Ethics: publicationethics.org/   The journal has no article processing charges (APCs) nor article submission charges.   In the event the journal is no longer published, Hungarian Studies Yearbook will provide backup and preservation of the content through the Repository of the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (https://real.mtak.hu).       Archiving   Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.   Plagiarism Policy   The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 

Volume 4 (2022): Issue 1 (November 2022) - ed. Emese FAZAKAS

Hungarian Studies Yearbook

Volume 4 (2022): Issue 1 (November 2022)

ed. Emese FAZAKAS

Introduction: From Musealisation of Music to Italian Migrant Workers in Hungary Through Some Linguistic Issues

Franz Liszt and the Temple of Art

Hungarian Sociolinguistics in the Carpathian Basin, 1985–2022

Hungarian Beyond the Border¹ On the Contexts of Education, Bilingualism, and Labour Market in the Early 21^st Century. The Transylvanian Perspective

“We were that small, special group in that large school with »normal« classes” Education in a Minority Language in the Context of Hungarians From Zagreb

What are we Speaking of? A New Perspective on the Post-verbal Field in Hungarian

“Transylvanian Hunglish” Phonological Properties of Hungarian Accented English in Transylvania

Comparative Analysis of Genitival Components in Time Metaphors

The Role of Online Bible Readers in Biblical Concordance Making

The Friulian Presence in Hungarian Industry with Particular Regard to the Meat Industry of Debrecen in the 19th century

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