Pedestrian dynamic response and injury risk in high speed vehicle crashes

[1] C-NCAP. C-NCAP Management Regulation (2021 Version). China New Car Assessment Programme. China Automotive Technology and Research Center, 2020. Search in Google Scholar

[2] Euro-NCAP. Assessment Protocol-Vulnerable Road User Protection, Version 10.0.3. European New Car Assessment Programme, 2020. Search in Google Scholar

[3] Gennarelli T., Ommaya A., Thibault L., Comparison of translational and rotational head motions in experimental cerebral concussion, SAE Technical Paper, No. 710882, 1971. Search in Google Scholar

[4] Gennarelli T., Thibault L., Ommaya A., Pathophysiologic responses to rotational and translational accelerations of the head, SAE Technical Paper, No. 720970, 1972. Search in Google Scholar

[5] Han Y., Yang J., Nishimoto K., Mizuno K., Matsui Y., Nakane D., Wanami S., Hitosugi M., Finite element analysis of kinematic behaviour and injuries to pedestrians in vehicle collisions, Int. J. Crashworthiness, 2012, 17 (2), 141–152. Search in Google Scholar

[6] Kerrigan J., Crandall J., Deng B., A comparative analysis of the pedestrian injury risk predicted by mechanical impactors and post mortem human surrogates, Stapp Car Crash J., 2008, 52 (1), 527–567. Search in Google Scholar

[7] Kuppa S., Eppinger R., Mckoy F., Nguyen T., Pintar F., Yoganandan N., Development of side impact thoracic injury criteria and their application to the modified ES-2 dummy with rib extensions (ES-2re), Stapp Car Crash J., 2003, 47, 189–210. Search in Google Scholar

[8] Lau I., Viano D., The viscous criterion-bases and applications of an injury severity index for soft tissues, SAE Technical Paper, No. 861882, 1986. Search in Google Scholar

[9] Li G., Ma H., Guan T., Gao G., Predicting safer vehicle front-end shapes for pedestrian lower limb protection via a numerical optimization framework, Int. J. Auto. Tech.-Kor., 2020, 21 (3), 749–756. Search in Google Scholar

[10] Li G., Meng H., Liu J., Zou D., Li K., A novel modeling approach for finite element human body models with high computational efficiency and stability: application in pedestrian safety analysis, Acta Bioeng. Biomech., 2021, 21 (2), 21–30. Search in Google Scholar

[11] Li G., Tan Z., Lv X., Ren L., Numerical reconstruction of injuries in a real world minivan-to-pedestrian collision, Acta Bioeng. Biomech., 2019, 21 (2), 21–30. Search in Google Scholar

[12] Li G., Wang F., Otte D., Cai Z., Simms C., Have pedestrian subsystem tests improved passenger car front shape?, Accid. Anal. Prev., 2018, 115, 143–150. Search in Google Scholar

[13] Li G., Wang F., Otte D., Simms C., Characteristics of pedestrian head injuries observed from real world collision data, Accid. Anal. Prev., 2019, 129, 362–366. Search in Google Scholar

[14] LSTC. LS-DYNA keyword user’s manual, version 971. Livermore Software Technology Corporation Livermore, United States of America, 2007. Search in Google Scholar

[15] Mo F., Luo D., Tan Z., Shang B., Zhou D., A human active lower limb model for Chinese pedestrian safety evaluation, J. Bionic. Eng., 2021, 18 (4), 872–886. Search in Google Scholar

[16] Mo F., Arnoux P.J., Cesari D., Masson C., Investigation of the injury threshold of knee ligaments by the parametric study of car-pedestrian impact conditions, Saf. Sci., 2014, 62, 58–67. Search in Google Scholar

[17] NCAC. National Crash Analysis Center Vehicle Model Library, http://www.ncac.gwu.edu/vml/models.html, 2014 [accessed: 16 September 2014]. Search in Google Scholar

[18] Nie B., Zhou Q., Can new passenger cars reduce pedestrian lower extremity injury? A review of geometrical changes of front-end design before and after regulatory efforts, Traffic Inj. Prev., 2016, 17 (7), 712–719. Search in Google Scholar

[19] Nie J., Li G., Yang J., A study of fatality risk and head dynamic response of cyclist and pedestrian based on passenger car accident data analysis and simulations, Traffic Inj. Prev., 2015, 16 (1), 76–83. Search in Google Scholar

[20] Paas R., Davidsson J., Brolin K., Head kinematics and shoulder biomechanics in shoulder impacts similar to pedestrian crashes-a THUMS study, Traffic Inj. Prev., 2015, 16, 498–506. Search in Google Scholar

[21] Peng Y., Yang J., Deck C., Willinger R., Finite element modeling of crash test behavior for windshield laminated glass, Int. J. Impact Eng., 2013, 57 (7), 27–35. Search in Google Scholar

[22] Rosén E., Sander U., Pedestrian fatality risk as a function of car impact speed, Accid Anal. Prev., 2009, 41 (3), 536–542. Search in Google Scholar

[23] Scattina A., Mo F., Masson C., Avalle M., Arnoux P., Analysis of the influence of passenger vehicles front-end design on pedestrian lower extremity injuries by means of the LLMS model, Traffic Inj. Prev., 2018, 19 (5), 535–541. Search in Google Scholar

[24] Strandroth J., Sternlund S., Lie A., Tingvall C., Rizzi M., Kullgren A., Ohlin M., Fredriksson R., Correlation between Euro-NCAP pedestrian test results and injury severity in injury crashes with pedestrians and bicyclists in Sweden, Stapp Car Crash J., 2014, 58, 213–231. Search in Google Scholar

[25] Takhounts E., Craig M., Moorhouse K., McFadden J., Hasija V., Development of brain injury criteria (BrIC), Stapp Car Crash J., 2013, 57, 243–266. Search in Google Scholar

[26] Viano D., Biomechanical responses and injuries in blunt lateral impact, SAE Technical Paper No. 892432, 1989. Search in Google Scholar

[27] Wang F., Yu C., Wang B., Li G., Miller K., Wittek A., Prediction of pedestrian brain injury due to vehicle impact using computational biomechanics models: Are head-only models sufficient?, Traffic Inj. Prev., 2020, 21 (1), 102–107. Search in Google Scholar

[28] Watanabe R., Katsuhara T., Miyazaki H., Kitagawa Y., Yasuki T., Research of the relationship of pedestrian injury to collision speed, car-type, impact location and pedestrian sizes using human FE model (THUMS version 4), Stapp Car Crash J., 2012, 56, 269–321. Search in Google Scholar

[29] WHO. Global status report on road safety 2018: Summary (No.WHO/NMH/NVI/18.20), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2018. Search in Google Scholar