Prevalence of Closely Related Candida albicans Species among Patients with Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Southern Poland Based on the hwp1 Gene Amplification

Borman AM, Szekely A, Linton CJ, Palmer MD, Brown P, Johnson EM. Epidemiology, antifungal susceptibility, and pathogenicity of Candida africana isolates from the United Kingdom. J Clin Microbiol. 2013 Mar;51(3):967–972. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02816-12 Borman AM Szekely A Linton CJ Palmer MD Brown P Johnson EM . Epidemiology, antifungal susceptibility, and pathogenicity of Candida africana isolates from the United Kingdom . J Clin Microbiol. 2013 Mar ; 51 ( 3 ): 967 – 972 . https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02816-12 Search in Google Scholar

Byadarahally Raju S, Rajappa S. Isolation and identification of Candida from the oral cavity. ISRN Dent. 2011;2011:487921. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/487921 Byadarahally Raju S Rajappa S . Isolation and identification of Candida from the oral cavity . ISRN Dent. 2011 ; 2011 : 487921 . https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/487921 Search in Google Scholar

CLSI. Performance standards for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. 3^rd ed. CLSI supplement M27M44S. Wayne (USA): Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2022. CLSI . Performance standards for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts . 3rd ed. CLSI supplement M27M44S. Wayne (USA) : Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute ; 2022 . Search in Google Scholar

Criseo G, Scordino F, Romeo O. Current methods for identifying clinically important cryptic Candida species. J Microbiol Methods. 2015 Apr;111:50–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2015.02.004 Criseo G Scordino F Romeo O . Current methods for identifying clinically important cryptic Candida species . J Microbiol Methods. 2015 Apr ; 111 : 50 – 56 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2015.02.004 Search in Google Scholar

Cuenca-Estrella M, Gomez-Lopez A, Mellado E, Rodriguez-Tudela JL. Correlation between the procedure for antifungal susceptibility testing for Candida spp. of the European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) and four commercial techniques. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005 Jun;11(6):486–492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01166.x Cuenca-Estrella M Gomez-Lopez A Mellado E Rodriguez-Tudela JL . Correlation between the procedure for antifungal susceptibility testing for Candida spp. of the European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) and four commercial techniques . Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005 Jun ; 11 ( 6 ): 486 – 492 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01166.x Search in Google Scholar

Denning DW, Kneale M, Sobel JD, Rautemaa-Richardson R. Global burden of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Nov;18(11):e339–e347. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30103-8 Denning DW Kneale M Sobel JD Rautemaa-Richardson R . Global burden of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a systematic review . Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Nov ; 18 ( 11 ): e339 – e347 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30103-8 Search in Google Scholar

EUCAST. The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 10.0. Basel (Switzerland): The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; 2020 [cited 2022 Nov 29]. Available from http://www.eucast.org/astoffungi/clinicalbreakpointsforantifungals EUCAST . The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 10.0 . Basel (Switzerland) : The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ; 2020 [cited 2022 Nov 29]. Available from http://www.eucast.org/astoffungi/clinicalbreakpointsforantifungals Search in Google Scholar

Farr A, Effendy I, Frey Tirri B, Hof H, Mayser P, Petricevic L, Ruhnke M, Schaller M, Schaefer APA, Sustr V, et al. Guideline: vulvovaginal candidosis (AWMF 015/072, level S2k). Mycoses. 2021 Jun;64(6):583–602. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13248 Farr A Effendy I Frey Tirri B Hof H Mayser P Petricevic L Ruhnke M Schaller M Schaefer APA Sustr V Guideline: vulvovaginal candidosis (AWMF 015/072, level S2k) . Mycoses. 2021 Jun ; 64 ( 6 ): 583 – 602 . https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13248 Search in Google Scholar

Gharehbolagh SA, Fallah B, Izadi A, Ardestani ZS, Malekifar P, M Borman A, Mahmoudi S. Distribution, antifungal susceptibility pattern and intra-Candida albicans species complex prevalence of Candida africana: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2020 Aug;15(8):e0237046. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237046 Gharehbolagh SA Fallah B Izadi A Ardestani ZS Malekifar P M Borman A Mahmoudi S . Distribution, antifungal susceptibility pattern and intra-Candida albicans species complex prevalence of Candida africana: a systematic review and meta-analysis . PLoS One. 2020 Aug ; 15 ( 8 ): e0237046 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237046 Search in Google Scholar

Gumral R, Sancak B, Guzel AB, Saraçlı MA, Ilkit M. Lack of Candida africana and Candida dubliniensis in vaginal Candida albicans isolates in Turkey using HWP1 gene polymorphisms. Mycopathologia. 2011 Jul;172(1):73–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-011-9401-2 Gumral R Sancak B Guzel AB Saraçlı MA Ilkit M . Lack of Candida africana and Candida dubliniensis in vaginal Candida albicans isolates in Turkey using HWP1 gene polymorphisms . Mycopathologia. 2011 Jul ; 172 ( 1 ): 73 – 76 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-011-9401-2 Search in Google Scholar

Hazirolan G, Altun HU, Gumral R, Gursoy NC, Otlu B, Sancak B. Prevalence of Candida africana and Candida dubliniensis, in vulvovaginal candidiasis: first Turkish Candida africana isolates from vulvovaginal candidiasis. J Mycol Med. 2017 Sep;27(3):376–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.04.106 Hazirolan G Altun HU Gumral R Gursoy NC Otlu B Sancak B . Prevalence of Candida africana and Candida dubliniensis, in vulvovaginal candidiasis: first Turkish Candida africana isolates from vulvovaginal candidiasis . J Mycol Med. 2017 Sep ; 27 ( 3 ): 376 – 381 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.04.106 Search in Google Scholar

Hedayati MT, Taheri Z, Galinimoghadam T, Aghili SR, Yazdani Cherati J, Mosayebi E. Isolation of different species of Candida in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis from Sari, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2015 Apr;8(4):e15992. https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.8(4)2015.15992 Hedayati MT Taheri Z Galinimoghadam T Aghili SR Yazdani Cherati J Mosayebi E . Isolation of different species of Candida in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis from Sari, Iran . Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2015 Apr ; 8 ( 4 ): e15992 . https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.8(4)2015.15992 Search in Google Scholar

Hu Y, Yu A, Chen X, Wang G, Feng X. Molecular characterization of Candida africana in genital specimens in Shanghai, China. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:185387. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/185387 Hu Y Yu A Chen X Wang G Feng X . Molecular characterization of Candida africana in genital specimens in Shanghai, China . Biomed Res Int. 2015 ; 2015 : 185387 . https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/185387 Search in Google Scholar

Jamilian M, Mashadi E, Sarmadi F, Banijamali M, Farhadi E, Ghanatpishe E. [Frequancy of vulvovaginal Candidiasis species in nonpregnant 15–50 years old women in spring 2005 in Arak] (in Persian). J Arak Uni Med Sci 2007;10(2):7–14. http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5-en.html Jamilian M Mashadi E Sarmadi F Banijamali M Farhadi E Ghanatpishe E . [Frequancy of vulvovaginal Candidiasis species in nonpregnant 15–50 years old women in spring 2005 in Arak] (in Persian) . J Arak Uni Med Sci 2007 ; 10 ( 2 ): 7 – 14 . http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-5-en.html Search in Google Scholar

Kasprowicz A, Białecka A. [Atlas of vaginal purity degrees. Research procedures, interpretation of results] (in Polish). Wrocław (Poland): MesPharm; 2012. p. 5–45. Kasprowicz A Białecka A . [Atlas of vaginal purity degrees. Research procedures, interpretation of results] (in Polish) . Wrocław (Poland) : MesPharm ; 2012 . p. 5 – 45 . Search in Google Scholar

Kolekar K, Tambe S, Aderao R, Nayak C. Chronic vulvovaginitis caused by Candida dubliniensis in an immunologically competent adult female. Int J STD AIDS. 2019 Jan;30(1):90–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462418792113 Kolekar K Tambe S Aderao R Nayak C . Chronic vulvovaginitis caused by Candida dubliniensis in an immunologically competent adult female . Int J STD AIDS. 2019 Jan ; 30 ( 1 ): 90 – 93 . https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462418792113 Search in Google Scholar

McManus BA, Coleman DC, Moran G, Pinjon E, Diogo D, Bougnoux ME, Borecká-Melkusova S, Bujdákova H, Murphy P, d’Enfert C, et al. Multilocus sequence typing reveals that the population structure of Candida dubliniensis is significantly less divergent than that of Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Feb;46(2):652–664. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01574-07 McManus BA Coleman DC Moran G Pinjon E Diogo D Bougnoux ME Borecká-Melkusova S Bujdákova H Murphy P d’Enfert C Multilocus sequence typing reveals that the population structure of Candida dubliniensis is significantly less divergent than that of Candida albicans . J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Feb ; 46 ( 2 ): 652 – 664 . https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01574-07 Search in Google Scholar

Mohammadi F, Hemmat N, Bajalan Z, Javadi A. Analysis of biofilm-related genes and antifungal susceptibility pattern of vaginal Candida albicans and non-Candida albicans species. Biomed Res Int. 2021 May;2021:5598907. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5598907 Mohammadi F Hemmat N Bajalan Z Javadi A . Analysis of biofilm-related genes and antifungal susceptibility pattern of vaginal Candida albicans and non-Candida albicans species . Biomed Res Int. 2021 May ; 2021 : 5598907 . https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5598907 Search in Google Scholar

Moran GP, Coleman DC, Sullivan DJ. Candida albicans versus Candida dubliniensis: why is C. albicans more pathogenic? Int J Microbiol. 2012;2012:205921. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/205921 Moran GP Coleman DC Sullivan DJ . Candida albicans versus Candida dubliniensis: why is C. albicans more pathogenic? Int J Microbiol. 2012 ; 2012 : 205921 . https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/205921 Search in Google Scholar

Mucci MJ, Cuestas ML, Landanburu MF, Mujica MT. Prevalence of Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis and Candida africana in pregnant women suffering from vulvovaginal candidiasis in Argentina. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2017 Apr–Jun;34(2):72–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riam.2016.09.001 Mucci MJ Cuestas ML Landanburu MF Mujica MT . Prevalence of Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis and Candida africana in pregnant women suffering from vulvovaginal candidiasis in Argentina . Rev Iberoam Micol. 2017 Apr–Jun ; 34 ( 2 ): 72 – 76 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riam.2016.09.001 Search in Google Scholar

Naeimi B, Mirhendi H, Khamisipour G, Sadeghzadeh F, Ahmadi B. Candida africana in recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) patients: frequency and phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. J Med Microbiol. 2018 Nov;67(11):1601–1607. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.000834 Naeimi B Mirhendi H Khamisipour G Sadeghzadeh F Ahmadi B . Candida africana in recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) patients: frequency and phenotypic and genotypic characteristics . J Med Microbiol. 2018 Nov ; 67 ( 11 ): 1601 – 1607 . https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.000834 Search in Google Scholar

Neppelenbroek KH, Seó RS, Urban VM, Silva S, Dovigo LN, Jorge JH, Campanha NH. Identification of Candida species in the clinical laboratory: a review of conventional, commercial, and molecular techniques. Oral Dis. 2014 May;20(4):329–344. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12123 Neppelenbroek KH Seó RS Urban VM Silva S Dovigo LN Jorge JH Campanha NH . Identification of Candida species in the clinical laboratory: a review of conventional, commercial, and molecular techniques . Oral Dis. 2014 May ; 20 ( 4 ): 329 – 344 . https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12123 Search in Google Scholar

Pakshir K, Bordbar M, Zomorodian K, Nouraei H, Khodadadi H. Evaluation of CAMP-like effect, biofilm formation, and discrimination of Candida africana from vaginal Candida albicans species. J Pathog. 2017;2017:7126258. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7126258 Pakshir K Bordbar M Zomorodian K Nouraei H Khodadadi H . Evaluation of CAMP-like effect, biofilm formation, and discrimination of Candida africana from vaginal Candida albicans species . J Pathog. 2017 ; 2017 : 7126258 . https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7126258 Search in Google Scholar

Pfaller MA, Andes DR, Diekema DJ, Horn DL, Reboli AC, Rotstein C, Franks B, Azie NE. Epidemiology and outcomes of invasive candidiasis due to non-albicans species of Candida in 2,496 patients: data from the Prospective Antifungal Therapy (PATH) registry 2004–2008. PLoS One. 2014 Jul;9(7):e101510. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101510 Pfaller MA Andes DR Diekema DJ Horn DL Reboli AC Rotstein C Franks B Azie NE . Epidemiology and outcomes of invasive candidiasis due to non-albicans species of Candida in 2,496 patients: data from the Prospective Antifungal Therapy (PATH) registry 2004–2008 . PLoS One. 2014 Jul ; 9 ( 7 ): e101510 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101510 Search in Google Scholar

Romeo O, Criseo G. First molecular method for discriminating between Candida africana, Candida albicans, and Candida dubliniensis by using hwp1 gene. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008 Oct; 62(2):230–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.05.014 Romeo O Criseo G . First molecular method for discriminating between Candida africana, Candida albicans, and Candida dubliniensis by using hwp1 gene . Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008 Oct ; 62 ( 2 ): 230 – 233 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.05.014 Search in Google Scholar

Romeo O, Criseo G. Molecular epidemiology of Candida albicans and its closely related yeasts Candida dubliniensis and Candida africana. J Clin Microbiol. 2009 Jan;47(1):212–214. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01540-08 Romeo O Criseo G . Molecular epidemiology of Candida albicans and its closely related yeasts Candida dubliniensis and Candida africana . J Clin Microbiol. 2009 Jan ; 47 ( 1 ): 212 – 214 . https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01540-08 Search in Google Scholar

Scharmann U, Kirchhoff L, Chapot VLS, Dziobaka J, Verhasselt HL, Stauf R, Buer J, Steinmann J, Rath PM. Comparison of four commercially available chromogenic media to identify Candida albicans and other medically relevant Candida species. Mycoses. 2020 Aug; 63(8):823–831. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13119 Scharmann U Kirchhoff L Chapot VLS Dziobaka J Verhasselt HL Stauf R Buer J Steinmann J Rath PM . Comparison of four commercially available chromogenic media to identify Candida albicans and other medically relevant Candida species . Mycoses. 2020 Aug ; 63 ( 8 ): 823 – 831 . https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13119 Search in Google Scholar

Shan Y, Fan S, Liu X, Li J. Prevalence of Candida albicans-closely related yeasts, Candida africana and Candida dubliniensis, in vulvovaginal candidiasis. Med Mycol. 2014 Aug;52(6):636–640. https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myu003 Shan Y Fan S Liu X Li J . Prevalence of Candida albicans-closely related yeasts, Candida africana and Candida dubliniensis, in vulvovaginal candidiasis . Med Mycol. 2014 Aug ; 52 ( 6 ): 636 – 640 . https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myu003 Search in Google Scholar

Shokoohi G, Javidnia J, Mirhendi H, Rasekh-Jahromi A, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Ansari S, Maryami F, Goodarzi S, Romeo O. Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility profiles of Candida dubliniensis and Candida africana isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis: a single-centre experience in Iran. Mycoses. 2021 Jul;64(7):771–779. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13280 Shokoohi G Javidnia J Mirhendi H Rasekh-Jahromi A Rezaei-Matehkolaei A Ansari S Maryami F Goodarzi S Romeo O . Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility profiles of Candida dubliniensis and Candida africana isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis: a single-centre experience in Iran . Mycoses. 2021 Jul ; 64 ( 7 ): 771 – 779 . https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13280 Search in Google Scholar

Sobel JD, Sobel R. Current treatment options for vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by azole-resistant Candida species. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018 Jun;19(9):971–977. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2018.1476490 Sobel JD Sobel R . Current treatment options for vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by azole-resistant Candida species . Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018 Jun ; 19 ( 9 ): 971 – 977 . https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2018.1476490 Search in Google Scholar

Sobel JD. Pathogenesis and treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 1992 Mar;14(Suppl 1):S148–S153. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/14.supplement_1.s148 Sobel JD . Pathogenesis and treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis . Clin Infect Dis. 1992 Mar ; 14 ( Suppl 1 ): S148 – S153 . https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/14.supplement_1.s148 Search in Google Scholar

Sullivan DJ, Moran GP, Pinjon E, Al-Mosaid A, Stokes C, Vaughan C, Coleman DC. Comparison of the epidemiology, drug resistance mechanisms, and virulence of Candida dubliniensis and Candida albicans. FEMS Yeast Res. 2004 Jan;4(4–5):369–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1567-1356(03)00240-X Sullivan DJ Moran GP Pinjon E Al-Mosaid A Stokes C Vaughan C Coleman DC . Comparison of the epidemiology, drug resistance mechanisms, and virulence of Candida dubliniensis and Candida albicans . FEMS Yeast Res. 2004 Jan ; 4 ( 4–5 ): 369 – 376 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S1567-1356(03)00240-X Search in Google Scholar

Sullivan DJ, Westerneng TJ, Haynes KA, Bennett DE, Coleman DC. Candida dubliniensis sp. nov.: phenotypic and molecular characterization of a novel species associated with oral candidosis in HIV-infected individuals. Microbiology (Reading). 1995 Jul; 141(7): 1507–1521. https://doi.org/10.1099/13500872-141-7-1507 Sullivan DJ Westerneng TJ Haynes KA Bennett DE Coleman DC . Candida dubliniensis sp. nov.: phenotypic and molecular characterization of a novel species associated with oral candidosis in HIV-infected individuals . Microbiology (Reading). 1995 Jul ; 141 ( 7 ): 1507 – 1521 . https://doi.org/10.1099/13500872-141-7-1507 Search in Google Scholar

Sustr V, Foessleitner P, Kiss H, Farr A. Vulvovaginal candidosis: current concepts, challenges and perspectives. J Fungi. 2020 Nov; 6(4):267. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040267 Sustr V Foessleitner P Kiss H Farr A . Vulvovaginal candidosis: current concepts, challenges and perspectives . J Fungi. 2020 Nov ; 6 ( 4 ): 267 . https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040267 Search in Google Scholar

Theill L, Dudiuk C, Morano S, Gamarra S, Nardin ME, Méndez E, Garcia-Effron G. Prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans and its related species Candida dubliniensis and Candida africana isolated from vulvovaginal samples in a hospital of Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2016 Jan–Mar;48(1):43–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ram.2015.10.003 Theill L Dudiuk C Morano S Gamarra S Nardin ME Méndez E Garcia-Effron G . Prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans and its related species Candida dubliniensis and Candida africana isolated from vulvovaginal samples in a hospital of Argentina . Rev Argent Microbiol. 2016 Jan–Mar ; 48 ( 1 ): 43 – 49 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ram.2015.10.003 Search in Google Scholar

Tietz HJ, Hopp M, Schmalreck A, Sterry W, Czaika V. Candida africana sp. nov., a new human pathogen or a variant of Candida albicans? Mycoses. 2001 Dec;44(11–12):437–445. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0507.2001.00707.x Tietz HJ Hopp M Schmalreck A Sterry W Czaika V . Candida africana sp. nov., a new human pathogen or a variant of Candida albicans? Mycoses. 2001 Dec ; 44 ( 11–12 ): 437 – 445 . https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0507.2001.00707.x Search in Google Scholar

Vidotto V, Mantoan B, Pugliese A, Pontón J, Quindós G, Aoki S, Ito-Kuwa S. Adherence of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis to buccal and vaginal cells. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2003 Jun; 20(2):52–54. Vidotto V Mantoan B Pugliese A Pontón J Quindós G Aoki S Ito-Kuwa S . Adherence of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis to buccal and vaginal cells . Rev Iberoam Micol. 2003 Jun ; 20 ( 2 ): 52 – 54 . Search in Google Scholar

Wójkowska-Mach J, Pomorska-Wesołowska M, Romanik M, Romaniszyn D. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of microorganisms associated with lower reproductive tract infections in women from Southern Poland – retrospective laboratory-based study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jan;18(1):335. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010335 Wójkowska-Mach J Pomorska-Wesołowska M Romanik M Romaniszyn D . Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of microorganisms associated with lower reproductive tract infections in women from Southern Poland – retrospective laboratory-based study . Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jan ; 18 ( 1 ): 335 . https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010335 Search in Google Scholar

Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, Johnston CM, Muzny CA, Park I, Reno H, Zenilman JM, Bolan GA. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul;70(4):1–187. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1 Workowski KA Bachmann LH Chan PA Johnston CM Muzny CA Park I Reno H Zenilman JM Bolan GA . Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021 . MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul ; 70 ( 4 ): 1 – 187 . https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1 Search in Google Scholar

Yazdanpanah A, Khaithir TM. Issues in identifying germ tube positive yeasts by conventional methods. J Clin Lab Anal. 2014 Jan; 28(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.21635 Yazdanpanah A Khaithir TM . Issues in identifying germ tube positive yeasts by conventional methods . J Clin Lab Anal. 2014 Jan ; 28 ( 1 ): 1 – 9 . https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.21635 Search in Google Scholar

Zangl I, Pap IJ, Aspöck C, Schüller C. The role of Lactobacillus species in the control of Candida via biotrophic interactions. Microb Cell. 2019 Nov;7(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2020.01.702 Zangl I Pap IJ Aspöck C Schüller C . The role of Lactobacillus species in the control of Candida via biotrophic interactions . Microb Cell. 2019 Nov ; 7 ( 1 ): 1 – 14 . https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2020.01.702 Search in Google Scholar