<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p>In this work, an exploratory study was conducted to examine Gram staining based on the capillary tube. Each Gram staining step for all bacterial strains tested was completed in capillary tubes. The results showed that different Gram staining morphologies were clearly visible in the capillary tubes. The results presented here demonstrated that the improved method could effectively distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and only small volumes of reagents were required in this method. Collectively, this efficient method could rapidly and accurately identify the types of bacteria. Therefore, our findings could be used as a useful reference study for other staining methods.</p></abstract>

In this work, an exploratory study was conducted to examine Gram staining based on the capillary tube. Each Gram staining step for all bacterial strains tested was completed in capillary tubes. The results showed that different Gram staining morphologies were clearly visible in the capillary tubes. The results presented here demonstrated that the improved method could effectively distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and only small volumes of reagents were required in this method. Collectively, this efficient method could rapidly and accurately identify the types of bacteria. Therefore, our findings could be used as a useful reference study for other staining methods.


<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p>Since Hans Christian Joachim Gram reported a staining method in 1884 (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_009">Gram 1884</a>), such a technique has experienced more than a century of development and has become frequently used in bacteriology. From 1940 to 1960, Gram staining’s clinical application reaches its peak (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_013">Kass 1987</a>). In recent years, several automated instruments for Gram staining have also been applied for microbiological analysis (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_001">Baron et al. 2010</a>; <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_018">Li et al. 2020</a>). With the development of modern science and technology, some new technologies are expected to replace Gram staining. For example, <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_027">Sizemore et al. (1990)</a> have developed an alternative Gram staining technique using a fluorescent lectin. Later on, several fluorescent Gram staining methods have been established, and some Gram staining techniques suitable for live bacterial suspension have been described (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_021">Mason et al. 1998</a>; <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_007">Fife et al. 2000</a>; <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_008">Forster et al. 2002</a>; <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_016">Kwon et al. 2019</a>). <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_025">Sharma et al. (2020)</a> have found that acridine orange fluorescent staining is more sensitive than the Gram staining. Besides, <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_002">Berezin et al. (2017)</a> have established a method for detecting Gram-negative bacteria based on enhanced Raman spectroscopy. <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_017">Lemozerskii et al. (2020)</a> have also reported a method of bacterial discrimination using an acoustic resonator. However, Gram staining is still an vital detection method in practical application for many microbiologists and clinicians due to its rapidity and simplicity (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_028">Thompson et al. 2017</a>; <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_012">Jahangiri et al. 2018</a>; <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_019">Li et al. 2018a</a>).</p><p>Over the years, Gram staining has been modified for many times, such as the Brown-Hopps method, Brown-Brenn method, and Gram-Twort method (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_003">Brown and Brenn 1931</a>; <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_004">Brown and Hopps 1973</a>; <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_022">Peck and Badrick 2017</a>), and these approaches as mentioned earlier are widely used in anatomical pathology laboratories. Through the comparison of various improved methods, it is found that Gram’s original four-step method is still used, and some researchers have adopted the three-step method, while its basic principle has not been changed. As reported by <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_011">Huang and Cui (1996)</a>, the three-step Gram staining method combines the two steps of alcohol decolorization and re-staining procedure in one step. Although Gram staining is one of the most commonly used detection methods in clinical microbiology laboratories, many clinicians are skeptical of its results due to differences in operators, low control, and standardization (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_024">Samuel et al. 2016</a>; <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_023">Thomson 2016</a>). Researchers have made efforts to improve the Gram staining’s accuracy and reliability over the past few years, such as repeated training and standardization of the staining procedure (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_023">Thomson 2016</a>; <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_026">Siguenza et al. 2019</a>). In this study, we developed a standardized Gram staining procedure for bacterial identification using a capillary tube. A modified Gram staining method based on the capillary tube has not yet been reported to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, we proposed a novel improved Gram staining method to improve the accuracy of the detection results and Gram staining efficiency.</p><p>Eight bacterial strains, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>, <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic>, <italic>Bacillus Licheniformis</italic>, <italic>Serratia marcescens</italic>, <italic>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</italic>, <italic>Lactobacillus delbrueckii</italic> ssp. <italic>bulgaricus</italic>, and <italic>Streptococcus thermophilus</italic> were provided by the Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, College of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University. <italic>L. bulgaricus</italic> and <italic>S. thermophilus</italic> were inoculated into skim milk culture medium and maintained at 37°C for 12 h. <italic>S. marcescens</italic>, <italic>B. Licheniformis</italic>, <italic>E. coli</italic>, <italic>B. subtilis</italic>, <italic>V. parahaemolyticus</italic>, and <italic>S. aureus</italic> were inoculated into beef peptone agar slants and maintained at 37°C for 16 h.</p><p>Capillary tubes with an internal diameter of 0.5 mm and a length of 100 mm were purchased from the Instrument Factory of West China University of Medical Sciences. Gram staining reagent was obtained from the Anhui Chaohuhongci Medical Equipment Co., Ltd.</p><p>Procedure: (1) One or two drops of sterile water were placed in the center of a clean glass slide. An inoculating loop was hold in a flame until it was red-hot and then allowed to cool approximately 30 seconds. Subsequently, a loop of culture was transferred to the center of the slide. The sample was spread onto the slide using the inoculating loop, and a small volume of bacterial suspension was automatically transferred into the capillary tube.</p><p>(2) The capillary tube was then heated by passing over a flame for several times until the liquid was completely evaporated. The capillary tube was naturally cooled in the air for several seconds.</p><p>(3) One end of the capillary tube was hold upward, and the crystal violet solution was automatically transferred to the capillary tube, followed by standing for 1 minute. The remaining crystal violet solution of the capillary tube was then transferred to absorbent paper. The capillary tube was washed in a gentle and indirect stream of tap water for a few seconds, and samples were dried on absorbent paper.</p><p>(4) One end of the capillary tube was hold upward, and Gram’s iodine solution was automatically transferred to the capillary tube, followed by standing for 1 minute. Subsequently, the capillary tube was washed using the same procedure as described above.</p><p>(5) One end of the capillary tube was hold upward, and 95% ethanol was automatically transferred to the capillary tube, followed by standing for 30 seconds. Subsequently, the capillary tube was washed using the same procedure as described above.</p><p>(6) One end of the capillary tube was hold upward, and the Safranin solution was automatically transferred to the capillary tube, followed by standing for 30 seconds to 1 minute. The subsequent procedure was the same as described above. Besides, conventional Gram staining was carried out according to the instructions from the reagent kit. According to the instructions, Gram-negative cells are in pink to red, and Gram-positive cells show a purple or blue color when observed under a microscope.</p><p>The Gram staining is always the “first-stage criteria” in the preliminary identification of bacterial species according to their cell walls (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_020">Li et al. 2018b</a>). Eight different bacterial species were examined to investigate our approach, and the strains were selected according to the Gram staining pattern. Gram-negative bacteria <italic>E. coli</italic>, <italic>V. parahaemolyticus</italic>, and <italic>S. marcescens</italic> were examined. Gram-positive bacteria <italic>S. thermophilus</italic>, <italic>L. bulgaricus, S. aureus, B. licheniformis</italic> and <italic>B. subtilis</italic> were also assessed. Fig. <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_fig_001">1</a>, <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_fig_002">2</a>, and <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_fig_003">3</a> illustrate the results of Gram staining of <italic>E. coli</italic>, <italic>V. parahaemolyticus</italic>, and <italic>S. marcescens</italic>, respectively. Fig. <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_fig_004">4</a>, <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_fig_005">5</a>, <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_fig_006">6</a>, <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_fig_007">7</a>, and <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_fig_008">8</a> show the Gram staining results of <italic>S. thermophilus</italic>, <italic>L. bulgaricus, S. aureus, B. subtilis</italic>, and <italic>B. licheniformis</italic>, respectively. These results were compared with those obtained using a glass slide for Gram staining. No matter spherical or rod-shaped or not, all bacterial strains could be differentiated into two classifications: Gram-positive and Gram-negative. Comparing these results, we found that the results obtained by the capillary tube method were consistent with the conventional Gram staining approach. It was worth mentioning that in contrast to direct heat fixation of bacteria on glass slides, heat fixation by passing the capillary tube over a flame should be carried out quickly and carefully. If the capillary tube was overheated, it might cause the capillary tube to rupture, and it is easy to blur the field of vision, making it challenging to observe the staining result (Fig. <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_fig_009">9</a>). Therefore, before the experiments, it is better to conduct a preliminary experiment and achieve the desired results.</p><figure id="j_pjm-2020-043_fig_001" fig-type="figure"><h2>Fig. 1.</h2><figCaption><p>The Gram staining results of <italic>E. coli</italic>. A – Capillary sample, B – Glass slide sample.</p></figCaption><img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_pjm-2020-043_fig_001.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64727b57215d2f6c89dc9e4c/j_pjm-2020-043_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240817T043904Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240817%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=e4c097ac80db157d7bf10bcbd91599ac46ca59242cb78f628e7178dde0c553ea" class="mw-100"/></figure><figure id="j_pjm-2020-043_fig_002" fig-type="figure"><h2>Fig. 2.</h2><figCaption><p>The Gram staining results of <italic>V. parahaemolyticus</italic>. A – Capillary sample, B – Glass slide sample.</p></figCaption><img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_pjm-2020-043_fig_002.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64727b57215d2f6c89dc9e4c/j_pjm-2020-043_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240817T043904Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240817%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=c1f2a70b908930fd92581e0c9e4297a6aee0e8825bc914d5937de47f433a1fbd" class="mw-100"/></figure><figure id="j_pjm-2020-043_fig_003" fig-type="figure"><h2>Fig. 3.</h2><figCaption><p>The Gram staining results of <italic>S. marcescens</italic>. A – Capillary sample, B – Glass slide sample.</p></figCaption><img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_pjm-2020-043_fig_003.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64727b57215d2f6c89dc9e4c/j_pjm-2020-043_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240817T043904Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240817%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=ad06c8228dc1bd7beb0a946197eefeafa5e03f43dfa4a81acd0eef8bbeee614b" class="mw-100"/></figure><figure id="j_pjm-2020-043_fig_004" fig-type="figure"><h2>Fig. 4.</h2><figCaption><p>The Gram staining results of <italic>S. thermophiles</italic>. A – Capillary sample, B – Glass slide sample.</p></figCaption><img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_pjm-2020-043_fig_004.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64727b57215d2f6c89dc9e4c/j_pjm-2020-043_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240817T043904Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240817%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=ff2b20ef3fdb0935905e26b31511f13b7a9bb80101809b030602f60576d7fd85" class="mw-100"/></figure><figure id="j_pjm-2020-043_fig_005" fig-type="figure"><h2>Fig. 5.</h2><figCaption><p>The Gram staining results of <italic>L. bulgaricus</italic>. A – Capillary sample, B – Glass slide sample.</p></figCaption><img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_pjm-2020-043_fig_005.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64727b57215d2f6c89dc9e4c/j_pjm-2020-043_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240817T043904Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=17999&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240817%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=22eb2323fcd00b65764f2fc6ac46020f6eee2ae77b3b62711ca9ab8b7b33423b" class="mw-100"/></figure><figure id="j_pjm-2020-043_fig_006" fig-type="figure"><h2>Fig. 6.</h2><figCaption><p>The Gram staining results of <italic>S. aureus</italic>. A – Capillary sample, B – Glass slide sample.</p></figCaption><img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_pjm-2020-043_fig_006.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64727b57215d2f6c89dc9e4c/j_pjm-2020-043_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240817T043904Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240817%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=af50245a5842da33f1768237179463d56eac43a74e8c96727f37b3f613dc803c" class="mw-100"/></figure><figure id="j_pjm-2020-043_fig_007" fig-type="figure"><h2>Fig. 7.</h2><figCaption><p>The Gram staining results of <italic>B. subtilis</italic>. A – Capillary sample, B – Glass slide sample.</p></figCaption><img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_pjm-2020-043_fig_007.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64727b57215d2f6c89dc9e4c/j_pjm-2020-043_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240817T043904Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240817%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=0a1f6576fd5d70523c48d18d3092739cdeb70fd6ed29dc3a09570089dc13b154" class="mw-100"/></figure><figure id="j_pjm-2020-043_fig_008" fig-type="figure"><h2>Fig. 8.</h2><figCaption><p>The Gram staining results of <italic>B. Licheniformis</italic>. A – Capillary sample, B – Glass slide sample.</p></figCaption><img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_pjm-2020-043_fig_008.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64727b57215d2f6c89dc9e4c/j_pjm-2020-043_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240817T043904Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240817%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=d1c6d16db0862c5e7fda232131609b4e9c2d52e5bba60b31e649e606a52d4087" class="mw-100"/></figure><figure id="j_pjm-2020-043_fig_009" fig-type="figure"><h2>Fig. 9.</h2><figCaption><p>The microstructure of the overheated capillary tube.</p></figCaption><img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_pjm-2020-043_fig_009.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64727b57215d2f6c89dc9e4c/j_pjm-2020-043_fig_009.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240817T043904Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240817%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=d85d6c582da2f6471031a5e6bde8304fd01782f16f5e054fd563469e5fcd92d2" class="mw-100"/></figure><p>Several studies (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_005">Chimento et al. 1996</a>; <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_029">Wada et al. 2012</a>; <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_020">Li Zhu 2018b</a>) have already pointed out that the property of the bacterial cell wall determines whether the organism will be Gram-positive or Gram-negative, and it plays a role in the choice of antibiotics when infection occurs. Since it has frequently been observed that not all bacteria react in the same manner to such staining procedure (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_010">Hale and Bisset 1956</a>), it is necessary to make more tests upon a representative selection of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in future studies.</p><p>Molecular biology techniques and high-precision measurement systems have been successfully developed, and they can distinguish bacterial types in clinical samples and improve microbial detection (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_015">Klaschik et al. 2002</a>; <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_006">Dolch et al. 2016</a>; <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_pjm-2020-043_ref_014">Kim et al. 2018</a>). However, it is still urgently needed to develop a rapid and straightforward Gram staining approach to detect bacteria, especially for those who have only primary experimental conditions. Our results indicated a promising method for bacterial differentiation using the capillary tube as a carrier. Successful differentiation required only small volumes of reagents, and the results were achieved within a few minutes by applying an optical microscope. In addition, the method proposed in this paper had reference value to other staining methods requiring expensive reagents.</p><p>In the present study, the improved Gram staining method was developed based on the pure cultures, and it was only a comparison of the staining results between known Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in a glass slide and capillary tube. In order to improve the accuracy and stability of the results, future study is necessary to detect more bacterial species. In addition, the modified method was not applicable for direct Gram staining of clinical samples. In the future, it may have a positive effect by developing a special method for processing clinical samples.</p><p>The experimental results demonstrated that an improved Gram staining method was suitable for differentiating the strains tested in our laboratory. The method could rapidly discriminate Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Besides, the method only required small volumes of reagents. A much more comfortable and reproducible Gram staining approach can be developed for microbiology research based on our studies.</p></div>

A Novel Improved Gram Staining Method Based on the Capillary Tube

Polish Journal of Microbiology

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

{"article-title":"A Novel Improved Gram Staining Method Based on the Capillary Tube"}

In this work, an exploratory study was conducted to examine Gram staining based on the capillary tube. Each Gram staining step for all bacterial strains tested...

A Novel Improved Gram Staining Method Based on the Capillary Tube

Article Category: short-communication

Publicado en línea: 23 nov 2020

Páginas: 503 - 508

Recibido: 18 jun 2020

Aceptado: 02 sept 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2020-043

Palabras clave
Gram staining, capillary tube, bacteria, and glass slide

© 2020 Kong-Yang Wu et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

A Novel Improved Gram Staining Method Based on the Capillary Tube

Article Category: short-communication

Publicado en línea: 23 nov 2020

Páginas: 503 - 508

Recibido: 18 jun 2020

Aceptado: 02 sept 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2020-043

Palabras claveGram staining, capillary tube, bacteria, and glass slide

© 2020 Kong-Yang Wu et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Palabras clave
Gram staining, capillary tube, bacteria, and glass slide