Seasonal exploration of water quality and bioindicators of an agricultural irrigation and drinking water reservoir: Armağan Dam Lake, Kırklareli, Türkiye

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The HPI results according to seasons

	Wi × Qi
Element	Spring	Summer	Autumn	Winter
As	0.47108	0.44218	0.38367	0.4405
Cu	0.00225	0.0023	0.00208	0.0023
Zn	0.0003	0.0003	0.0003	0.0003
Cd	30	30	29.5	26.42
Ni	0.57143	0.57143	0.47952	0.54771
Pb	0	0.021	2.70333	0.52067
HPI (Ʃ Wi × Qi)	92.68	92.65	98.72	83.38

The distribution of phytoplanktonic organisms in the Armağan Dam Lake according to the stations (individuals · mL−1)

	Station 1	Station 2	Station 3
Kingdom Eubacteria
Phylum Cyanobacteria
Anabaena sp.	131	157	142
Aphanocapsa sp.	10	3	14
Leptolyngbya sp.	13	13	6
Merismopedia tenuissima	26	21	0
Oscillatoria sp.	44	60	38
Planktothrix sp.	325	227	172
Kingdom Chromista
Phylum Bacillariophyta
Acanthoceras zachariasii	44	60	45
Achnanthes lanceolata	33	34	10
Achnanthidium exiguum	32	39	19
Amphora sp.	14	23	18
Asterionella formosa	632	701	341
Aulacoseira granulata	1097	897	694
Brachysira brebissonii	8	10	3
Cocconeis placentula	11	13	44
Cocconeis scutellum	15	10	23
Cyclotella meneghiniana	71	23	0
Cymbella cymbiformis	4	0	0
Cymbella cistula	12	15	15
Diatoma moniliformis	23	10	0
Diploneis coffaeiformis.	0	8	7
Diploneis smithii	0	6	0
Epithemia sorex	8	0	14
Fragilaria capucina	142	132	98
Fragilaria crotonensis	279	190	153
Gomphonema angustatum	3	1	10
Gomphonema olivaceum	1	1	11
Gyrosigma acuminatum	90	98	42
Hannaea arcus	12	4	8
Hantzschia amphioxy	2	11	0
Mastogloia lanceolata	1	1	3
Melosira varians	0	17	13
Meridion circulare	53	59	0
Navicula cincta	8	21	0
Navicula radiosa	3	4	0
Nitzschia acicularis	458	420	347
Nitzschia dissipata	49	45	29
Nitzschia gracilis	34	39	45
Nitzschia sp.	10	7	0
Rhopalodia gibba	11	10	7
Tabellaria fenestrata	7	6	3
Ulnaria capitata	448	304	224
Ulnaria acus	39	25	4
Urosolenia eriensis	48	29	8
Kingdom Chromista
Phylum Miozoa
Ceratium hirundinella	4033	4076	2675
Peridinium cinctum	463	337	297
Peridinium quinquecorne	233	93	93
Peridiniopsis quadridens	54	62	46
Protoperidinium bipes	113	128	83
Kingdom Chromista
Phylum Heterokontophyta
Dinobryon bavaricum	69	25	19
Dinobryon divergens	871	1082	1082
Dinobryon sertularia	286	191	172
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Chlorophyta
Desmodesmus serratus	10	10	4
Monactinus simplex	18	1	8
Scenedesmus acunae	5	13	22
Scenedesmus obliquus	2	0	1
Scenedesmus opolinensis	3	4	2
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Charophyta
Mougeotia abnormis	108	186	81
Mougeotia genuflexa	50	75	34
Total	10 563	10 035	7231

The seasonal average values of physical and chemical variables measured at the stations, SWQMR water quality classes, WHO permissible limits, and irrigation water suitability

Parameter	St. 1	St. 2	St. 3	Average	Water quality class (SWQMR)	Permissible limit (WHO)
pH	7.83	8.07	8.05	7.98	I	8.2–8.8
DO/mg · L−1	8.2	8.27	8.08	8.18	I	-
Conductivity/μS · cm−1	509.25	314.73	314.68	379.55	I	400 μS · cm−1
Salinity/‰	0.29	0.2	0.2	0.23	-	-
TDS/mg · L−1	251.38	153.73	155.88	187	I	1000 mg · L−1
Twater/°C	18.88	18.83	19.3	19	I	-
Light transparency/cm	446.25	542.5	410	466.25	-	-
Chlorophyll-a/μg · L−1	2.46	2.44	1.79	2.23	-	-
Fluoride/mg · L−1	0.16	0.08	0.11	0.12	I	0.5 mg · L−1
Chloride/mg · L−1	17.93	4.01	4.02	8.65	-	700 mg · L−1
Nitrite/mg · L−1	0.1	0.06	0.06	0.07	III	3 mg · L−1
Nitrate/mg · L−1	1.25	0.84	0.75	0.95	I	50 mg · L−1
Sulfate/mg · L−1	5.34	7.82	7.87	7.01	I	250 mg · L−1
Phosphate/mg · L−1	0	0.76	0.24	0.33	II	-

The MI results according to seasons

	MI
Element	Spring	Summer	Autumn	Winter
As	0.01157	0.02313	0.04653	0.0238
Cu	0.00077	0	0.00311	0
Zn	0.00044	0	0.0016	0
Cd	0	0	0.01667	0.11933
Ni	0	0	0.16083	0.0415
Pb	0	0.0021	0.27033	0.05207
ƩMI	0.01277	0.02523	0.49907	0.2367

The distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in the Armağan Dam Lake according to the seasons (individuals · m−2)

Taxa	Spring	Summer	Autumn	Winter
Cnidaria
Hydra sp.	7	0	0	0
Nematoda	0	0	0	37
Mollusca
Dreissena polymorpha	59	215	22	0
Physella acuta	0	30	0	0
Oligochaeta
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri	0	1000	156	474
Potamothrix hammoniensis	296	348	178	0
Stylaria lacustris	0	133	0	0
Hirudinea
Glossiphoniidae	7	15	0	0
Ephemeroptera
Baetis sp. 1	44	133	0	0
Baetis sp. 2	22	74	0	0
Odonata
Orthetrum sp.	0	7	0	0
Coenagrionidae	0	7	0	0
Coleoptera (Larva)	0	67	0	0
Ceratopogonoidae	0	67	0	0
Chironomidae
Halocladius millenarius	0	0	15	0
Psectrocladius limbatellus	0	7	7	22
Psectrocladius sordidellus	0	0	0	15
Orthocladius thienemanni	0	0	0	22
Ablabesmyia monilis	0	59	0	0
Ablabesmyia phatta	0	37	7	0
Procladius sp.	0	44	0	0
Tanypus kraatzi	30	0	0	0
Tanypus punctipennis	0	437	0	0
Chironomus tentans	0	0	7	0
Endochironomus albipennis	0	0	15	0
Endochironomus dissidens	15	0	0	0
Polypedilum nubeculosum	22	96	0	0
Cladotanytarsus mancus	0	141	0	0
Micropsectra curvicornis	15	22	0	0
Micropsectra notescens	22	15	0	0
Rheotanytarsus sp.	0	37	0	0
Rheotanytarsus exiquus	0	111	0	0
Tanytarsus gregarius	30	67	22	0
Virgatanytarsus arduennensis	15	59	0	7
TOTAL	584	3228	429	577

The distribution of zooplanktonic organisms in the Armağan Dam Lake according to the seasons (individuals · m−3)

	Autumn	Winter	Spring	Summer
Cladocera
Diaphanosoma brachyurum (Liévin, 1848)	0	0	0	318
Daphnia pulex (Leydig, 1860)	0	0	0	1752
Daphnia cucullata (G. O. Sars, 1862)	0	0	0	425
Daphnia longispina (O. F. Müller, 1876)	106	0	0	637
Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (O. F. Müller, 1785)	318	0	0	796
Bosmina longirostris (O. F. Müller, 1785)	1274	531	2389	584
Pleuroxus aduncus (Jurine, 1820)	0	265	0	212
Chydorus sphaericus (O. F. Müller, 1776)	425	0	106	106
Alona guttata (Sars, 1862)	0	0	0	106
Alona quadrangularis (O. F. Müller, 1785)	0	53	53	372
Total Cladocera	2123	849	2548	5308
Copepoda
Eudiaptomus vulgaris (Schmeil, 1898)	0	0	0	159
Arctodiaptomus wierzejskii (Richard, 1888)	0	0	0	106
Eucyclops (E.) serrulatus (Fischer, 1851)	0	0	0	106
Cyclops abyssorum (G. O. Sars, 1863)	159	0	0	159
Cyclops vicinus (Uljanin, 1875)	53	0	159	372
Acanthocyclops robustus (G. O. Sars, 1863)	0	0	53	372
Megacyclops viridis (Jurine, 1820)	0	0	0	159
Onychocamptus mohammed (Blanchard, Rıchard, 1891)	0	0	0	106
Nauplius	425	159	902	1911
Cyclopoid copepodit	265	212	106	1115
Calanoid copepodit	53	0	0	584
Total Copepoda	955	372	1221	5149
Rotifera
Anuraeopsis navicula (Rousselet, 1911)	0	0	0	53
Brachionus angularis (Gosse, 1851)	0	0	0	212
Brachionus quadridentatus (Hermann, 1783)	0	53	0	212
Brachionus diversicornis (Daday, 1883)	0	0	0	265
Kellicottia longispina (Kellicott, 1879)	4565	1274	0	3609
Keratella cochlearis (Gosse, 1851)	478	0	3981	4459
Keratella quadrata (Müller, 1786)	0	0	4618	2866
Keratella tecta (Gosse, 1851)	478	0	1168	106
Keratella tropica (Apstein, 1907)	0	0	2017	0
Colurella uncinata (Müller, 1773)	53	0	53	53
Polyarthra vulgaris (Carlin, 1943)	0	0	1911	902
Polyarthra remata (Skorikov, 1896)	0	0	0	53
Polyarthra euryptera (Wierzejski, 1891)	478	0	0	0
Synchaeta oblonga (Ehrenberg, 1832)	0	0	159	159
Synchaeta pectinata (Ehrenberg, 1832)	106	0	0	53
Asplanchna priodonta (Gosse, 1850)	1062	106	2601	2176
Mytilina mucronata (Müller, 1773)	0	0	53	106
Lecane luna (Müller, 1776)	0	0	212	106
Lecane bulla (Gosse, 1886)	0	0	0	53
Ascomorpha ovalis (Bengendahl, 1892)	159	53	0	637
Ascomorpha ecuadis (Petry, 1850)	159	0	212	53
Gastropus minor (Rousselet, 1892)	0	0	106	106
Epiphanes macroura (Barrois & Daday, 1894)	0	0	106	0
Trichocerca capucina (Wierjeski & Zacharias, 1893)	0	0	1911	53
Trichocerca cylindrica (Imhof, 1891)	53	0	6104	478
Trichocerca elongata (Gosse, 1886)	53	0	1592	106
Trichocerca bicristata (Gosse, 1887)	0	0	0	1062
Trichocerca longiseta (Schrank, 1802)	0	0	1592	796
Hexarthra mira (Hudson, 1871)	0	0	0	265
Filinia longiseta (Ehrenberg, 1834)	0	0	2017	3025
Total Rotifera	7643	1486	30 414	22 028
TOTAL	10 722	2707	34 183	32 484