A Triad of Exophtalmos, Pretibial Myxedema and Acropachy in a Patient With Graves’ Disease / Egzoftalmus, pretibijalni miksedem i akropatija − trijada prisutna kod obolelog od Grejsove bolesti

1. Firkin BG, Whitwort JA. Dictionary of medical eponyms. Basel: Roche; 1996.Search in Google Scholar

2. Kocić R, Radenković S. Bolesti štitne žlezde [Thyroid disorders]. U: Ilić S, ur. Interna medicina [In: Ilić S, ed. Internal Medicine]. Niš: Medicinski fakultet Niš; 2009. p. 307-19. (Serbian).Search in Google Scholar

3. Micić D. Oboljenja štitne žlezde [Thyroid disorders]. U: Klinički centar Srbije, ur. Enciklopedija zdravlja [In Clinical center of Serbia, ed. Encyclopedia of health]. Beograd: Press; 2012. Volume 26.p. 1-4. (Serbian).Search in Google Scholar

4. Braun-Falco O, Petzold D. E.M.O. syndrome. Exophthalmoscircumscribed pretibial myxedema-hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Münchn Med Wochenschr 1967;79:1523-9.Search in Google Scholar

5. Georgala S, Katoulis AC, Georgala C, Katoulis EC, Hatziolou E, Stavrianeas NG. Pretibial myxedema as the initial manifestation of Graves’ disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2002;16: 380-3.10.1046/j.1468-3083.2002.00567.x12224697Search in Google Scholar

6. Anderson CK, Miller F. Triad of exophthalmos, pretibial myxedema, and acropachy in a patient with Graves’ disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 48 (6): 970-2.10.1067/mjd.2003.32312789197Search in Google Scholar

7. Castineiras I, Del Pozo J, Robles O. Euthyroid nodular pretibial mucinosis: palliative treatment with carbon dioxide laser. Dermatol Surg 2009;35: 719-21.10.1111/j.1524-4725.2009.01115.x19400889Search in Google Scholar

8. Şenel E, Güleç AT. Euthyroid pretibial myxedema and EMO syndrome. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat 2009;18(1):21-3.Search in Google Scholar

9. Fatourechi V. Pretibial myxedema. Pathophysiology and treatment options. Am J Clin Dermatol 2005;6(5):295-309.Search in Google Scholar

10. Cannavo SP, Borgia F, Vaccaro M, Guameri F, Magliolo E, Guarneri B. Pretibial myxedema associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2002;16:625-7.10.1046/j.1468-3083.2002.00532.x12482050Search in Google Scholar

11. Bahn RS. Pathophysiology of Graves’ ophthalmopathy: The cycle of Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003:88(5):1939-45.10.1210/jc.2002-03001012727937Search in Google Scholar

12. Fatourechi V, Pajouhi M, Fransway A. Dermopathy of Graves’ disease (pretibial myxedema). Review of 150 cases. Medicine 1994;73:1-7.10.1097/00005792-199401000-000018309359Search in Google Scholar

13. Ludgate M, Baker G. Unlocking the immunological mechanisms of orbital inflammation in thyroid eye disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2002;127:193-8.10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01792.x190633811876739Search in Google Scholar

14. Heufelder AE, Weetman AP, Ludgate M, Bahn RS. Pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. In: Prummel MF, Wirsinga WM, Mourits MP, eds. Recent developments in Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2000. p. 15-37.10.1007/978-1-4615-4647-4_2Search in Google Scholar

15. Daumerie C, Ludgate M, Costagliola S, Many MC. Evidence for thyrotropin receptor immunoreactivity in pretibial connective tissue from patients with thyroid-associated dermopathy. EurEndocrinol 2002;:146:35-8.10.1530/eje.0.146003511751064Search in Google Scholar

16. Wolf K, Johnson RA, Suurmond D. Fitzpatrick’ color atlas and synopsis of clinical dematology. 5th ed. New York: McGraw- Hill Professional; 2005. p 443-4.Search in Google Scholar

17. Jolles S, Hughes J. Use of IGIV in the treatment of atopic dermatitis, urticaria, scleromyxedema, pyoderma gangrenosum, psoriasis and pretibial myxedema. Int Immunopharmacol 2006;6:579-91.10.1016/j.intimp.2005.11.01716504920Search in Google Scholar

18. Schwartz KM, Fatourechi V, Ahmed DDF, Pond GR. Dermopathy of Graves’ disease (Pretibial myxedema): long-term outcome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87(29):438-46.Search in Google Scholar

19. Cho S, Choi J-H, Sung K-J, Moon KC, Koh J-K. Graves’s disease presenting as elephantiasic pretibial myxedema and nodules of the hands. Int J Dermatol 2001;40:276-7.10.1046/j.1365-4362.2001.01108.x11454085Search in Google Scholar

20. Schwartz KM, Ahmed DDF, Ahmed I, Fatourechi V. Development of localized myxedema in skin graft. Int J Dermatol 2002;41:401-3.10.1046/j.1365-4362.2002.01535_3.x12121553Search in Google Scholar

21. Fatourechi V, Bartley GB, Eghbali-Fatourechi GZ, Powell CC, Ahmed DD, Garrity JA. Graves’ dermopathy and acropachy are markers of sever Graves’s ophthalmopathy. Thyroid 2003;13(12):1141-4.10.1089/1050725036073154114751035Search in Google Scholar

22. Mack WP, Stasior GO, Cao JH, Stasior OG, Smith TJ. The effect of cigarette smoke constituents on the expression of HLADR in orbital fibroblasts derived from patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg l999;15(4):260-71.10.1097/00002341-199907000-0000710432522Search in Google Scholar

23. Weetman AP. Graves’ disease. N Engl J Med 2000;26:1236-48.10.1056/NEJM20001026343170711071676Search in Google Scholar

24. Pineda AMM, Tianco EAV, Tan JB, Casintahan FA, Beloso MB. Oral pentoxifylline and topical clobetasol propionate ointment in the treatment of pretibial myxedema, with concomitant improvement of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007;21:1441-2.10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02259.x17958873Search in Google Scholar

25. Susser WS, Heermans AG, Chapman MS, Baughman RD. Elephantiasic pretibial myxedema: A novel treatment for an uncommon disorder. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:723-6.10.1067/mjd.2002.11965512004314Search in Google Scholar

26. Terheyden P, Kahaly GJ, Zillikens D, Brücher E-B. Lack of rseponse of elephantiasic pretibial myxoedema to treatment with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins. Clin Exp Dermatol 2003;28:224-6.10.1046/j.1365-2230.2003.01232_3.x12653721Search in Google Scholar

27. Felton J, Derrick EK, Price ML. Successful combine surgical and octreotide treatment of severe pretibial myxoedema reviewed after 9 years. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:825-6.10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05236.x12752151Search in Google Scholar

28. Shinohara M, Hamasaky Y, Katayama J. Refractory pretibial myxedema with response to intralesional insulin-like growth factor 1 antagonist (octreotide): downregulation of hyaluronic acid production by the lesional fibroblasts. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:1083-6. 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03850.x11069527Search in Google Scholar