Vegetation composition, gradients and environment relationships of birch forest in six reference areas in Norway

Anderson, D.J., Cooke, R.C., Elkington, T.T. & Read, D.J. 1966. Studies on structure in plant communities. II. The structure of some dwarf-heath and birch-copse communities in Skjaldfannardalur, North-west Iceland. - J. Ecol. 54: 781-793.10.2307/2257817Search in Google Scholar

Andreassen, K., Clarke, N., Røsberg, I., Timmermann, V. & Aas, W. 2006 Intensiv skogovervåking i 2005. Resultater fra ICP Forests Level 2 flater i Norge. Intensive forest monitoring in 2005. Results from ICP Forests Level 2 plots in Norway. - Viten fra Skog og landskap 04/2006.Search in Google Scholar

Anonymous. 1998. GS+: geostatistics for the environmental sciences Version 2.1. - Gamma Design Software, Plainwell, Mich.Search in Google Scholar

Anonymous. 1999a. ArcView GIS 3.2. - Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) Inc., Redlands, California.Search in Google Scholar

Anonymous 1999b. SPSS®Base 11.0 User's Guide. - SPSS Inc., Chicago.Search in Google Scholar

Anonymous. 2004a. R Version 2.4.1 for Windows. URL: http://cran.r-project.orgSearch in Google Scholar

Anonymous. 2004b. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. URL: http://cran.r-project.orgSearch in Google Scholar

Anonymous. 2006. Overvåking av langtransporterte forurensninger 2005 - Sammendragsrapport. - SFT rapport 957/2006, TA-2183/2006.Search in Google Scholar

Abrahamsen, G., Horntvedt, R. & Tveite, B. 1977. Impacts of acid precipitation on coniferous forest ecosystems. - Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 8: 57-73.10.1007/BF00156725Search in Google Scholar

Aune, B. 1993. Temperaturnormaler, normalperiode 1961-1990. - DNMI Rapp. 2: 1-63.Search in Google Scholar

Aune, E.I. 1973. Forest vegetation in Hemne, Sør-Trøndelag, Western Central Norway. - K. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Mus. Miscellanea 12: 1-87.Search in Google Scholar

Auestad, I., Rydgren, K. & Økland, R.H. 2008. Scale-dependence of vegetation - environment relationships in semi-natural grasslands. - J. Veg. Sci. (in press).10.3170/2007-8-18344Search in Google Scholar

Bakkestuen, V., Erikstad, L. & Økland, R.H. 2008. Step-less models for regional environmental variation in Norway. - J. Biogeogr. (in press).10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01941.xSearch in Google Scholar

Bakkestuen, V., Stabbetorp, O.E. & Eilertsen, O. 1999a. Terrestrisk naturovervåking. Vegetasjonsøkologiske undersøkelser av boreal bjørkeskog i Åmotsdalen, Sør-Trøndelag. - Norsk Inst. Naturforsk. Oppdragsmeld. 610: 1-43.Search in Google Scholar

Bakkestuen, V., Stabbetorp, O. E. & Eilertsen, O. 1999b. Terrestrisk naturovervåking. Vegetasjonsøkologiske undersøkelser av boreal bjørkeskog i Møsvatn-Austfjell, Telemark. - Norsk Inst. Naturforsk. Oppdragsmeld. 611: 1-47.Search in Google Scholar

Bakkestuen, V. & Erikstad L. 2002. Terrestrisk overvåking. Metodeutvikling med fokus på arealdekkende modeller - analyse av detaljerte vegetasjonsdata og regionale miljøvariable. - Norsk Inst. Naturforsk. Oppdragsmelding 759: 1-35.Search in Google Scholar

Bates, J.W. 1992. Mineral nutrient acquisition and rentention by bryophytes. - J. Bryol. 17. 223-240.10.1179/jbr.1992.17.2.223Search in Google Scholar

Beier, C., Hansen, K. & Gundersen, P. 1993. Spatial variability of throughfall fluxes in a spruce forest. - Environm. Pollution 81: 257-267.10.1016/0269-7491(93)90208-6Search in Google Scholar

Benum, P. 1958. The flora of Troms fylke. A floristic and phytogeographical survey of the vascular flora of Troms fylke in northern Norway. - Tromsø Mus. Skr. 6: 1-402.Search in Google Scholar

Bergeron, Y. & Bochard, A. 1983. Use of groups in analysis and classification of plant communities in a section of western Quebec. - Vegetatio 56: 45-63.10.1007/BF00036136Search in Google Scholar

Borcard, D., Legendre, P. & Drapeau, P. 1992. Partialling out the spatial component of ecological variation. - Ecology 73: 138-157.10.2307/1940179Search in Google Scholar

Boyko, H. 1947. On the role of plants as quantitative climate indicators and the geo-ecological law of distribution. - J. Ecol. 35: 138-157.10.2307/2256504Search in Google Scholar

Braak, C.J.F. ter 1986. Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. - Ecology 67: 1167-1179.10.2307/1938672Search in Google Scholar

Braak, C.J.F. ter 1987a. The analysis of vegetation-environment relationships by canonical correspondence analysis. - Vegetatio 69: 69-77.10.1007/978-94-009-4061-1_7Search in Google Scholar

Braak, C.J.F. ter 1987b. CANOCO - a FORTRAN program for canonical community ordination by (partial) (detrended) (canonical) correspondence analysis, principal components analysis and redundancy analysis (version 2.1). - TNO Inst. Appl. Comp. Sci., Stat. Dept. Wageningen, Wageningen.Search in Google Scholar

Braak, C.J.F. ter & Prentice, I.C. 1988. A theory of gradient analysis. - Adv. ecol. Res. 18: 271-317.10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60183-XSearch in Google Scholar

Braak, C.J.F. ter 1990. Update notes: CANOCO version 3.10. - Agricult. Math. Group, Wageningen.Search in Google Scholar

Braak, C.J.F. ter & Smilauer, P. 1998. - CANOCO Reference Manual and User's Guide to Canoco for Windows. Software for Canonical Community Ordination (version 4). - Centre for Biometry Wageningen, 1998.Search in Google Scholar

Braak, C.J.F. ter & Smilauer, P. 2002. - CANOCO Reference Manual and User's Guide to Canoco for Windows. Software for Canonical Community Ordination (version 4.5). - Centre for Biometry Wageningen, 2002.Search in Google Scholar

Brattbakk, I. 1993. Terrestrisk naturovervåking. Vegetasjonsovervåking i Møsvatn-Austfjell. Norsk Inst. Naturforsk. Oppdragsmelding 209: 1-33.Search in Google Scholar

Brattbakk, I., Høyland, K., Halvorsen Økland, R., Wilmann, B. & Engen, S. 1991. Terrestrisk naturovervåking. Vegetasjonsovervåking 1990 i Børgefjell og Solhomfjell. - Norsk Inst. Naturforsk. Oppdragsmelding 91: 1-90.Search in Google Scholar

Brattbakk, I., Gaare, E., Fremstad Hansen, K. & Wilmann, B. 1992. Terrestrisk naturovervåking. Vegetasjonsovervåking i Åmotsdalen og Lund 1991. - Norsk Inst. Naturforsk. Oppdragsmelding 131: 1-66.Search in Google Scholar

Braun-Blanquet, J. 1928. Pflanzensoziologie. - Springer Verlag, Berlin.10.1007/978-3-662-02056-2Search in Google Scholar

Braun-Blanquet, J. 1965. Plant sociology: The study of plant communities. - Hafner, London.Search in Google Scholar

Brown, D.H. & Bates, J.W. 1990. Bryophytes and nutrient cycling. - Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 104: 129-147.10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb02215.xSearch in Google Scholar

Bryn, A. & Daugstad, K. 2001. Summer farming in the subalpine birch forest. In F.E. Wielgolaski (ed.) Nordic mountain birch ecosystem pp. 307-315. - UNESCO Man and Biosphere Series 27.Search in Google Scholar

Carleton, T.J. 1990. Variation in terricolous bryophyte and macrolichen vegetation along primary gradients in Canadian boreal forests. - J. Veg. Sci. 1: 585-594.10.2307/3235563Search in Google Scholar

Carleton, T.J. & Maycock, P.F. 1980. Vegetation of the boreal forest south of James Bay: Non-centered component analysis of the vascular flora. - Ecology 61: 1199-1212.10.2307/1936838Search in Google Scholar

Conover, W.J. 1980. Practical nonparametric statistics. 2nd. ed. - Wiley, New York.Search in Google Scholar

Crawley, M.J. 2002. Statistical Computing: An Introduction to Data Analysis using S-Plus. - John Wiley & Sons. pp. 761.Search in Google Scholar

Dahl, E. 1957. Rondane. Mountain vegetation in South Norway and its relation to the environment. - Skr. Norske Vidensk. Akad. Mat.- Naturv. Kl. 1956: 1-374.Search in Google Scholar

Dahl, E. 1986. Alpine - subalpine plant communities of South Scandinavia. - Phytocoenologia 15: 455-484.10.1127/phyto/15/1987/455Search in Google Scholar

Dahl, E., Gjems, O. & Kielland-Lund, J. 1967. On the vegetation types of Norwegian conifer forest in relation to the chemical properties of the humus layer. - Meddr norske SkogforsVesen 25: 505-531.Search in Google Scholar

Dargie, T.C.D. 1984. On the integrated interpretation of indirect site ordination: a case study using semi-arid vegetation in south-eastern Spain. - Vegetatio 55: 37-55.10.1007/BF00039980Search in Google Scholar

Dierschke, H. 1982. Pflanzensoziologie. Grundlagen und Methoden. - E. Ulmberg Verlag, Stuttgart.Search in Google Scholar

Dimbleby, G.W. 1952a. The root sap of birch on a podsol. - Plant and Soil 4: 141-153.10.1007/BF01373643Search in Google Scholar

Dimbleby, G.W. 1952b. Soil regeneration on the north-east Yorkshire moors. - J. Ecol. 40: 331-341.10.2307/2256803Search in Google Scholar

Dons, J.A. & Jorde, K. 1978. Geologisk kart over Norge, berggrunnskart Skien 1 : 250000. - Norges geol. unders. (NGU).Search in Google Scholar

Dons, J.A., Helm, M., & Sigmond, E.M.O. 1990. Frøystaul berggrunnskart 1514 I, 1:50000, foreløpig utgave. - Norges geol. unders. (NGU).Search in Google Scholar

Eilertsen, O. & Pedersen, O. 1989. Virkning av nedveiing og artsfjerning ved DCA-ordinasjon av vegetasjonsøkologiske datasett. - Univ. Trondheim, Vitensk. mus. Rapp. bot. Ser. 1988-1: 5-18.Search in Google Scholar

Eilertsen, O., Økland, R.H., Økland, T. & Pedersen, O. 1990. Data manipulation and gradient length estimation in DCA ordination. - J. Veg. Sci. 1: 261-270.10.2307/3235663Search in Google Scholar

Eilertsen, O. & Brattbakk 1994. Terrestrisk naturovervåking. Vegetasjonsøkologiske undersøkelser av boreal bjørkeskog i Øvre Dividal nasjonalpark. - Norsk Inst. Naturforsk. Oppdragsmelding 286: 1-82.Search in Google Scholar

Eilertsen, O. & Often, A. 1994. Terrestrisk naturovervåking. Vegetasjonsøkologiske undersøkelser av boreal bjørkeskog i Gutulia nasjonalpark. - Norsk Inst. Naturforsk Oppdragsmelding 285: 1-69.Search in Google Scholar

Eilertsen, O. & Stabbetorp, O. E. 1997. Terrestrisk naturovervåking. Vegetasjonsøkologiske undersøkelser av boreal bjørkeskog i Børgefjell nasjonalpark. - Norsk Inst. Naturforsk Oppdragsmelding 408: 1-84.Search in Google Scholar

Eilertsen, O. & Stabbetorp, O. 1997. Terrestisk naturovervåking: Vegetasjonsøkologiske undersøkelser av boreal bjørkeskog i Børgefjell nasjonalpark. Norsk Inst. Naturforsk. Oppdragsrapp. 408: 1-81.Search in Google Scholar

Elkington, T.T. & Jones, B.M.G. 1974. Biomas and primary productivity of birch (Betula pubescens s. lat.) in south-west Greenland. - J. Ecol. 62: 821-830.10.2307/2258957Search in Google Scholar

Etherington, J.R. 1982. Environment and Plant Ecolgy. - John Wiley & Sons. Chichester. England.Search in Google Scholar

Evans, L.S. 1984. Botanical aspects of acidic precipitation. - Bot. Rev. 50: 449-490.10.1007/BF02862631Search in Google Scholar

Ewald, J. 2000. The influence of coniferous canopies on understorey vegetation and soils in mountain forests of the northern Calcareous Alps. - Appl. Veg. Sci. 3: 123-134.10.2307/1478926Search in Google Scholar

Falkengren-Grerup, U. 1986. Soil acidification and vegetation changes in deciduous forest in southern Sweden. - Oecologia 70: 339-347.10.1007/BF00379494Search in Google Scholar

Falkengren-Grerup, U. & Lakkenborg-Kristensen, H. 1994. Importance of ammonium and nitrate to the performance of herb-layer species from decidous forests in southern Sweden. - Environm. exp. Bot. 34: 31-38.10.1016/0098-8472(94)90006-XSearch in Google Scholar

Fenstad, G.U., Walløe, L. & Wille, S.Ø. 1977. Three tests for regression compared by stochastic simulation under normal and heavy tailed distribution of errors. - Scand. J. Statist. 4: 31-34.Search in Google Scholar

Ferrer-Castán, D. & Vetaas, O.R. 2003. Floristic variation, chorological types and diversity: do they correspond at broad and local scales? - Divers. Distrib. Vol. 9. Issue 3: 221-235.Search in Google Scholar

Fitje, A. & Strand, L. 1973. Tremålingslære, ed. 2. - Universitetsforlaget, Oslo.Search in Google Scholar

Fjellberg, A., Nygaard, P.H. & Stabbetorp, O.E. 2007. Structural changes in Collembola populations following replanting of birch with spruce in North Norway. In: Effects of afforestation on ecosystems, landscape and rural development, pp. 119-125. Proceeding of the AFFORNORD conference, Reykholt, Iceland, June 18-22, 2005. TemaNord 2007/508.Search in Google Scholar

Fremstad, E. & Elven, R. 1987. Enheter for vegetasjonskartlegging i Norge. - Økoforsk Utredning 1, 1987.Search in Google Scholar

Fremstad, E. & Sørensen, O.J. 1989. Floristiske og faunistiske undersøkelser i området Frihetsli-Njunis i Målselv. En konsekvensanalyse. - Norsk Inst. Naturforsk. Oppdragsmelding 3: 1-42.Search in Google Scholar

Fremstad, E. 1997. Vegetasjonstyper i Norge. - Norsk Inst. Naturforsk.temahefte 12: 1-279.Search in Google Scholar

Framstad, E (ed.) 2008. Natur i endring. Terrestrisk naturovervåking i 2007: Markvegetasjon, epifytter, smågnagere og fugl. - Norsk Inst. Naturforsk. Rapport 362: 1-116.Search in Google Scholar

Frisvoll, A.A., Elvebakk, A., Flatberg, K.I. & Økland, R.H. 1995. Sjekkliste over norske mosar. Vitskapleg og norsk namneverk. - Norsk Inst. Naturforsk. Temahefte 4: 1-104.Search in Google Scholar

Førland, E.J. 1993. Nedbørsnormaler, normalperiode 1961-1990. - DNMI Rapp. 39: 1-63.Search in Google Scholar

Gardiner, A.S. 1968. The reputatin of birch for soil improvement. A litterature review. - Forestry Commision Research and development Paper 67. HSMO London.Search in Google Scholar

Gauch, H.G. 1982. Multivariate analysis in community Ecology. Cambrigde University Press. Cambrigde.10.1017/CBO9780511623332Search in Google Scholar

Gigon, A. & Rorison, I.H. 1972. The response of ecologically distinct plant species to nitrate and to ammonium nitrogen. - J. Ecol. 60: 93-102.10.2307/2258043Search in Google Scholar

Glømme, H. 1932. Undersøkelser over ulike humustypers amoniakk- og nitratprodusjon samt faktorer som har innflytelse på disse prosesser. - Meddr norske SkogforsVesen 4: 37-328.Search in Google Scholar

Godal, J. B. & Hauge, K. 1964. Gutulia naturpark. Hovedoppgaver i naturvern. - Skogbruksavdelingen, NLH, Ås. Unpubl.Search in Google Scholar

Grahn, O. 1977. Macrophyte succession in Swedish lakes caused by deposition of airborne acid substances. - Wat. Air. Soil. Pollut. 7: 295-306.10.1007/BF00284126Search in Google Scholar

Green, R.N., Trowbridge, R.L. & Klinka, K. 1993. Towards a taxonomic classification of humus forms. - For. Sci. Monogr. 29: 1-49.10.1093/forestscience/39.s1.a0001Search in Google Scholar

Haapasaari, M. 1998. The oligotrophic heath vegetation of northern Fennoscandia and its zonation. - Acta Bot. Fennica 135: 1-219.Search in Google Scholar

Halvorsen, R. 2008. Begrepsapparat for vanntilgang: vannmetning, kildevannspåvirkning og torvdannelse. Naturtyper i Norge. Bakgrunnsdokument 6 (versjon 0.1): 44-48.Search in Google Scholar

Halvorsen, R., Andersen, T., Blom, H.H., Elvebakk, A., Elven, R., Erikstad, L., Gaarder, G., Moen, A., Mortensen, P.B., Norderhaug, A., Nygaard, K., Thorsnes, T., Ødegaard, F. & Norderhaug, K.M. 2008. Naturtyper i Norge - Lokale basisøkokliner. - Naturtyper i Norge Bakgrunnsdokument 4 (versjon 0.1): 1-79 (www.artsdatabanken.no). http://www.artsdatabanken.noSearch in Google Scholar

Hämet-Ahti, L. 1963. Zonation of the mountain birch forest in northernmost Fennoscandia. - Annls bot. Soc. zool.-bot. fenn. Vanamo 34: 1-127Search in Google Scholar

Heikkinen, R. 1991. Multivariate analysis of esker vegetation in southern Häme, S Finland. - Annls bot. Fenn. 28: 201-224.Search in Google Scholar

Hesselman, H. 1926. Studier över barrskogens humustäcke, dess egenskaper och beroende av skogsvården. - Meddn St. SkogsförsAnst. 22: 169-552.Search in Google Scholar

Hesselman, H. 1937. Om humustäckets beroende av beståndets ålder och sammansättning i den nordiska granskogen av blåbärsrik Vaccinium-typ och dess innverkan på skogen föryngring och tilväkst. - Meddn St. SkogsförsAnst. 30: 529-716.Search in Google Scholar

Hill, M.O. 1979. DECORANA - A FORTRAN program for detrended correspondence analysis and reciprocal averaging. Cornell University, Ithaca. New York, USA.Search in Google Scholar

Hill, M.O. & Gauch, H.G.J. 1980. Detrended correspondence analysis: an improved ordination technique. - Vegetatio 42: 47-58.10.1007/978-94-009-9197-2_7Search in Google Scholar

Hylen, G. & Larsson J.Y. 2007. The condition of Norwegian forests. Results from national surveillance 1989-2006. - Oppdragsrapport fra Skog og landskap 09/2007.Search in Google Scholar

Ingelstad, T. 1973. Mineral nutrient requirements of Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Vaccinium myrtillus. - Physiol. Pl. 29: 239-246.10.1111/j.1399-3054.1973.tb03099.xSearch in Google Scholar

Kalstad, J. K. 1974. Samene og Dividalen. - In: Vorren, K.-D, pp. 91-98. - Norges nasjonalparker (Øvre Dividal). Luther Forlag, Oslo.Search in Google Scholar

Kielland-Lund, J. 1972. Landskap og vegetasjon. - I: Borgos, G. & Elven, R. 1972. - Norges nasjonalparker 4 (Femundsmarka og Gutulia): 72 - 144.Search in Google Scholar

Kielland-Lund, J. 1973. A classification of Scandinavian forest for mapping purposes. - IBP i Norden 11: 173-206.Search in Google Scholar

Kielland-Lund, J. 1981. Die Waldgesellschaften SO-Norwegians. - Phytocoenologia 9: 53-250.10.1127/phyto/9/1981/53Search in Google Scholar

Kielland-Lund, J. 1994. Syntaxonomy of Norwegian forest vegetation 1993. - Physical Geography 24: 299-310.10.1127/phyto/24/1994/299Search in Google Scholar

Kause, G.H.M., Arndt, U., Brandt, C.J., Bucher, J., Kenk, G. & Matzner, E. 1986. Forest decline in Europe: development and possible causes. - Wat. Air Soil Pollution 31: 647-668.10.1007/BF00284218Search in Google Scholar

Krill, A. G. 1987. Snøhetta berggrunnskart 1519 4, 1:50000. Foreløpig utg. - Norges Geol. Unders. (NGU) Unpubl.Search in Google Scholar

Krog, H., Østhagen, H. & Tønsberg, T. 1994. Lavflora, 2. utg. Norske busk- og bladlav. - Universitetsforlaget, Oslo.Search in Google Scholar

Kruskal, J.B. 1964a. Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis. - Psychometrika 29: 1-27.10.1007/BF02289565Search in Google Scholar

Kruskal, J.B. 1964b. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: a numerical method. - Psychometrika 29: 115-129.10.1007/BF02289694Search in Google Scholar

Kruskal, J.B., Young, F.W. & Seery, J.B. 1973. How to use KYST, a very flexible program to do multidimensional scaling and unfolding. Bell Labs. Murray Hill, New Jersey, unpubl.Search in Google Scholar

Kubin, E. 1983. Nutrients in the soil, ground vegetation and tree layer in an old spruce forest in Northern Finland. - Annls bot. Fenn. 20: 361-390.Search in Google Scholar

Kussipalo, J. 1983a. Distribution of vegetation on mesic forest sites in relation to some characteristics of tree stand and soil fertility. - Silva fenn. 17: 403-418.10.14214/sf.a15184Search in Google Scholar

Kussipalo, J. 1983b. Distribution of vegetation on mesic forest sites in relation to some characteristics of the tree stand and soil fertility. - Silva fenn. 17: 403-418.10.14214/sf.a15184Search in Google Scholar

Kussipalo, J. 1984. Diversity pattern of the forest understorey vegetation in relation to some site characteristics. - Silva fenn. 18: 121-131.10.14214/sf.a15388Search in Google Scholar

Kussipalo, J. 1985. An ecological study of upland forest site classification in southern Finland. - Acta for. fenn. 192: 1-77.10.14214/aff.7638Search in Google Scholar

Kussipalo, J. 1988. Dominance pattern with understorey bryophyte vegetation in southern boreal coniferous forest. In: Barkman, J.J. & Sykora K.V. (eds), pp 111-117. Dependent plant communities. - SPB Acad Publ. The Hague.Search in Google Scholar

Laaksonen, K. 1976. The dependence on mean air temperature upon latitude and altitude in Fennoscandia (1921-1950). - Annls Acad. scient. fenn. Ser. A 3. Geol. Geogr. 119:1-19.Search in Google Scholar

Laaksonen, K. 1979. Effective temperature sums and durations of the vegetative period in Fennoscandia (1921-1950). - Fennia 157: 2: 171-197.Search in Google Scholar

Lahti, T. & Väisänen, R.A. 1987. Ecological gradients of boreal forests in South Finland: an ordination tests of Cajander's forest site type theory. - Vegetatio 68: 145-156.10.1007/BF00114715Search in Google Scholar

Larcher, W. 2003. Physiological Plant Ecolgy. - Springer Verlag. Heidelberg. Germany. 1-513.10.1007/978-3-662-05214-3Search in Google Scholar

Lawesson, J.E., Eilertsen, O., Diekmann, M., Reinikainen, A., Gunnlaugsdottir, E., Fosaa, A.M., Carøe, I., Skov, F., Groom, G., Økland, T., Økland, R., Andersen, P.N., & Bakkestuen, V. 2000. A concept for vegetation studies and monitoring in the Nordic countries. - TemaNord 2000: 517. 1-124.Search in Google Scholar

Légaré, S., Bergeron, Y., Leduc, A. & Paré, D. 2001. Comparison of the understory Vegetation in boreal forest types of southwest Quebec. - Can. J. Bot. 79: 1019-1027.10.1139/b01-076Search in Google Scholar

Lid, J. & Lid, D.T. 1994. Norsk flora. 6. Utgåve ved Reidar Elven - Det norske samlaget, Oslo.Search in Google Scholar

Liu, H.Y., Økland, T., Halvorsen, R., Gao, J.X., Liu, Q.R. Eilertsen, O. & Bratli H. 2008. Gradient analyses of forests ground vegetation and its relationships to environmental variables in five subtropical forest areas, S and SW China. - Sommerfeltia (in press).10.2478/v10208-011-0012-6Search in Google Scholar

Løbersli, E. 1989. Terrestrisk naturovervåking i Norge. - Dir. Naturforv. Rapp. 1989: 1-98.Search in Google Scholar

Loucks, O.L. 1962. Ordinating forest communities by means of environmental scalars and phytosociological indices. - Ecological Monographs 32: 137-165.10.2307/1942383Search in Google Scholar

Malmström, C. 1937. Tönnerssjöhedens försökspark i Halland. Ett bidrag till kännedomen om sydvästra Sveriges skogar, ljunghedar och torvmarker. - Meddn St. SkogsförsAnst. 30: 323-528.Search in Google Scholar

Malmström, C. 1949. Studier över skogstyper och trädslagsfåordelning inom Västerbottens län. - Meddn St. SkogsförsInst. 37: 1-231.Search in Google Scholar

Miehe, G. 1989. Vegetation patterns on Mount Everest as influenced by monsoon and föhn. - Vegetatio 79: 21-32.10.1007/BF00044845Search in Google Scholar

Miles, J. 1981. Effect of birch on moorlands. - Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Cambridge, Great Britain. 1-18.Search in Google Scholar

Miles, J., Kinnaird, J.W 1979. Grazing: with paticular reference to birch, juniper and Scots pine in the Scottish highlands. - Scottish Forestry 33: 280-289.Search in Google Scholar

Miles, J. & Young, W.F. 1980. The effects on heathland and moorland soils in Scotland and northern England following colonization by birch (Betula spp.). - Bull. Ecol. 11: 233-242.Search in Google Scholar

Miller, H.G. 1984. Nutrient cycles in birchwoods. - Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 85B: 83-96.10.1017/S0269727000003912Search in Google Scholar

Minchin, P.R. 1987. An evaluation of the relative robustness of techniques for ecological ordination. - Vegetatio 69: 89-107.10.1007/978-94-009-4061-1_9Search in Google Scholar

Minchin, P.R. 1990. DECODA Version 2.01. - Dept. Biogeogr. Geomorph., Aust. Natn. Univ., Canberra.Search in Google Scholar

Moen, A. 1990. The plant cover of the boreal uplands of central Norway. - Gunneria 63: 1-451. - 1998. Nasjonalatlas for Norge: Vegetasjon. - Statens kartverk, Hønefoss.Search in Google Scholar

Mork, E. & Heiberg, H.H.H. 1937. Om vegetasjonen i Hirkjølen forsøksområde. - Medd. Norske Skogforsøksvesen 19: 615-684, 1 map, 1 pl.Search in Google Scholar

Munch, J. S. 1974. Nordmennene og Dividalen. In: Vorren, K.-D, pp. 99-104. - Norges nasjonalparker (Øvre Dividal). Luther Forlag, Oslo.Search in Google Scholar

Mylona, Sophia: Historical development of regional sulphur levels in Europe - Some preliminary results. 1993. - Miljøverndepartementet: Fagrapport nr. 42.Search in Google Scholar

Nekola, J.C. & P.S. White. 1999. Distance decay of similarity in biogeography and ecology. J. Biogeogr. 26: 867-878.10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00305.xSearch in Google Scholar

Nordhagen, R. 1928. Die Vegetation und Flora des Sylenegebietes. I. Die Vegetation. - Skr. Norske Vidensk. Akad. Mat. Naturv. Kl. 1927: 1-88.Search in Google Scholar

Nordhagen, R. 1943. Sikilsdalen og Norges fjellbeiter: en plantesosiologisk monografi. - Bergens museums skrifter; 22, Bergen.Search in Google Scholar

Nystuen, J.P. 1979. Elgå, berggrunnsgeologisk kart 1719 II - M 1:50 000. - Norges geol. unders. (NGU) Unubl.Search in Google Scholar

Nystuen, J.P. & Trømborg, D. 1972. Berggrunn, løsavsetninger og landskapsformer. In: Borgos, G. & Elven, R. 1972, pp. 14-25. - Norges nasjonalparker 4 (Femundsmarka og Gutulia): Luther forlag, Oslo.Search in Google Scholar

Odland, A., Bevanger, K., Fremstad, E., Hanssen, O., Reitan, O. & Aagaard, K. 1992. Fjellskog i Sør-Norge: biologi og forvaltning. - Norsk Inst. Naturforsk. Oppdragsmeld. 123: 1-90.Search in Google Scholar

Ogner, G., Opem, M., Remedios, G., Sjøtveit, G. & Sørlie, B. 1991. The chemical analysis program of the Norwegian Forest Research Institute. - NISK, Ås. Unpubl.Search in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H. 1990. Vegetation ecology: theory, methods and applications with reference to Fennoscandia. - Sommerfeltia Suppl. 1: 1-233.Search in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H. 1994. Reanalyse av permanente prøveflater i granskog i overvåkingsområdet Solhomfjell 1993. - Utredn. Dir. Naturforv. 1994: 5: 1-37.Search in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H. 1995. Population biology of the clonal moss Hylocomium splendens in Norwegian boreal spruce forests. I. Demography. - Journal of Ecology 83: 697-712.10.2307/2261637Search in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H. 2000. Population biology of the clonal moss Hylocomium splendens in Norwegian boreal spruce forests. 5. Consequences of the vertical position of individual shoot segments. - Oikos 88: 449-469.10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.880301.xSearch in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H. & Bendiksen, E. 1985. The vegetation of the forest-alpine transition in the Grunningsdalen area, Telemark, SE Norway. - Sommerfeltia 2: 1-224.10.2478/som-1985-0002Search in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H. & Eilertsen, O. 1993. Vegetation-environment relationships of boreal coniferous forests in the Solhomfjell area, Gjerstad, S Norway. - Sommerfeltia 16: 1-254.10.2478/som-1993-0002Search in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H. & Eilertsen, O. 1994. Canonical correspondence analysis with variation partitioning: some comments and an application. - J. Veg. Sci. 5: 117-126.10.2307/3235645Search in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H. & Eilertsen, O. 1996. Dynamics of understory vegetation in an old-growth 18 boreal coniferous forest, 1988-1993. - J. Veg. Sci. 7: 747-762.Search in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H., Økland, T & Rydgren, K. 2001. Vegetation-environment relationships of boreal spruce swamp forests in Østmarka Nature Reserve, SE Norway. - Sommerfeltia 29: 1-190.10.2478/som-2001-0001Search in Google Scholar

Økland, R.H., Bakkestuen, V. 2004. Fine-scale spatial patterns in populations of the clonal moss Hylocomium splendens partly reflect structuring processes in the boreal forest floor. - Oikos. 106: 565-575.10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12574.xSearch in Google Scholar

Økland, T. 1988. An ecological approach to the investigation of a beech forest in Vestfold, SE Norway. - Nord. J. Bot. 8: 375-407.Search in Google Scholar

Økland, T. 1990. Vegetational and ecological monitoring of boreal forests in Norway. I. Rausjømarka in Akershus county, SE Norway. - Sommerfeltia 10: 1-52.10.2478/som-1990-0001Search in Google Scholar

Økland, T. 1993. Vegetasjonsøkologisk overvåking av barskog i Gutulia nasjonalpark. - Norsk Inst. Jord-Skogkartlegging, Ås. Rapp. 6: 1-76.Search in Google Scholar

Økland, T. 1996. Vegetation-environment relationships of boreal spruce forest in ten monitoring reference areas in Norway. - Sommerfeltia 22: 1-349.10.2478/som-1996-0001Search in Google Scholar

Økland, T., Bakkestuen, V., Økland, R.H. & Eilertsen, O. 2001. Vegetasjonsendringer i Nasjonalt nettverk av flater for intensivovervåking i skog. - Norsk Inst. Jord-Skogkartlegging Rapp. 2001: 1-46.Search in Google Scholar

Økland, T., Bakkestuen, V., Økland, R.H. & Eilertsen, O. 2004. Changes in forest understory vegetation in Norway related to long-term soil acidification and climatic change. - J. Veg. Sci. 15: 437-448.10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02282.xSearch in Google Scholar

Oksanen, J. 2007. Multivariate analysis of ecological communities in R: vegan tutorial, URL: http://cc.oulu.fi/~jarioksa/opetus/metodi/vegantutor.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Oksanen, J., Kindt, R., Legendre, P. & O'Hara, B. 2007. Package ‘vegan’ Version 1.9-13. URL: http://cc.oulu.fi/~jarioksaSearch in Google Scholar

Olsen, R. 1990. Mikrobielle prosesser i jord sett i forhold til skogens vekst og vitalitet. - Aktuelt Norsk Inst. Skogforsk. 5: 50-61.Search in Google Scholar

Osland, L.M. 1974. Berggrunn. In: Vorren K.-D., pp. 15-20. - Norges nasjonalparker (Øvre Dividal). Luther Forlag, Oslo.Search in Google Scholar

Palmer, M.W. 1993. Putting things in ever better order: the advantages of canonical correspondence analysis. - Ecology 74: 2215-2230.10.2307/1939575Search in Google Scholar

Parker, K.C. 1988. Environmental relationships and vegetation associates of columnar cacti in the Sonoran desert. - Vegetatio 78: 125-140.10.1007/BF00033422Search in Google Scholar

Pavlidis, T. 1982. Algorithms for graphics and image processing. - Springer-Verlag, Berlin.10.1007/978-3-642-93208-3Search in Google Scholar

Pedersen, O. 1988. Biological data program/PC. Version 1.01. Brukerveiledning. - VegeDataConsult, Oslo.Search in Google Scholar

Pearson, K. 1901. On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space. - Phil. Mag., 6. Ser 2: 559-572.Search in Google Scholar

Peidano, M. & Moreno, G. 1989. The genus Betula (Betulaceae) in the Sistema Centra (Spain). - Willdenowia 18: 343-359.Search in Google Scholar

Pigott, C.D. 1983. Regeneration of oak-birch woodland following exclusion of sheep. - J. Ecol. 71: 629-646.10.2307/2259738Search in Google Scholar

Ponge, J.-F. & Ferdy, J.-B. 1997. Growth of Fagus sylvatica saplings inan old-growth forests as affected by soil and light conditions. - J. Veg. Sci. 8: 789-796.10.2307/3237023Search in Google Scholar

Qian, H., Klinka, K., Økland, R.H., Krestov, P. & Kayahara, G.J. 2003. Comparison of species composition and species density of understorey vegetation in the boreal Picea mariana and Populus tremuloides stands in British Columbia, Canada. - J. Veg. Sci. 14: 173-184.Search in Google Scholar

Reuss, J.O., Cosby, B.J. & Wright, R.E. 1987. Chemical processes governing soil and water acidification. - Nature 329: 27-32.10.1038/329027a0Search in Google Scholar

Rydgren, K. 1994. Low-alpine vegetation in Gutulia National Park, Engerdal, Hedmark, Norway, and its relation to the environment. - Sommerfeltia 21: 1-47.Search in Google Scholar

Saetre, P. 1998. Decomposition, microbial community structure, and earthworm effects along a birch-spruce soil gradient. - Ecology 79: 834-846.Search in Google Scholar

Saetre, P., Saetre, L.S., Brandtberg, P.-O., Lundkvist, H. & Bengtsson, J. 1997. Ground vegetation composition and heterogeneity in pure Norway spruce and mixed Norway spruce - birch stand. - Can. J. For. Res. 27: 2034-2042.10.1139/x97-177Search in Google Scholar

Scütt, P. & Cowling, E.B. 1985. Waldsterben, a general decline of forest in Central Europe: Symptoms, development and possible causes. - Pl. Dis 69: 548-558.Search in Google Scholar

Sepponen, P. 1985. The ecological classification of sorted soils of varying genesis in northern Finland. - Communtnes Inst. For. Fenn. 129: 1-77.Search in Google Scholar

Sigmond, E.M.O., Gustavson, M. & Roberts, D. 1984. Berggrunnskart over Norge. - Norges geol. unders. Målestokk 1:1 mill.Search in Google Scholar

Sirén, G. 1955. The development of spruce forest on raw humus sites in northern Finland and its ecology. - Acta for. fenn. 62: 1-408.10.14214/aff.7453Search in Google Scholar

Smith, T.M. & Urban, D.L. 1988. Scale and resolution of forest structural pattern. - Vegetatio 74: 143-150.10.1007/BF00044739Search in Google Scholar

Sokal, R.R. & Rohlf, F.J. 1995. - Biometry, 3. ed. Freeman, New York.Search in Google Scholar

Sollid, J.L., Carlson, A.B. & Torp, B. 1980a. Trollheimen-Sunndalsfjella-Oppdal. Kvartærgeologiske kart 1:100000. - Univ. Oslo, Geografisk inst. Unpubl.Search in Google Scholar

Sollid, J.L., Carlson, A.B. & Torp, B. 1980b. Kvartærgeologiske kart 1:100000. Kort beskrivelse til kartet. - Norsk Geogr. Tidskr. 34: 177-189.10.1080/00291958008621912Search in Google Scholar

Stabbetorp, O.E., Bakkestuen, V., Eilertsen, O. & Bendiksen, E. 1999. Terrestrisk naturovervåking. Vegetasjonsøkologiske undersøkelser av boreal bjørkeskog i Lund, Rogaland. - Norsk Inst. Naturforsk. Oppdragsmeld. 609: 1-55.Search in Google Scholar

Stålfelt, M.G. 1937a. Der Gasaustauch der Moose. - Planta 27: 30-60.10.1007/BF01939374Search in Google Scholar

Stålfelt, M.G. 1937b. Die Bedeutung der Vegetation im Wasserhaushalt des Bodens. - Svenska Skogvårdsfören. Tidskr. 35: 161-195.Search in Google Scholar

Tamm, C.O. 1953. Growth, yield and nutrition in carpets of a forest moss (Hylocomium splendens). - Meddn St. SkogsforskInst. 43: 1: 1-140.Search in Google Scholar

Tamm, C.O. 1959. Stuclier over kliinatets huiniclitet i Sverige. - Kungl slrogshogsk slir. 32: 1-49.Search in Google Scholar

Tamm, C.O. 1976. Acid precipitation: biological effects in soil and on forest vegetation. - Ambio 5: 235-238.Search in Google Scholar

Tamm, C.O. 1991. Nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems. Questions of productivity, vegetational changes, and ecosystem stability. - Ecol. Stud. 81: 1-116.Search in Google Scholar

Tamm, O. 1959. Studier över klimaets humiditet i Sverige. - K. Skogshögsk. Skr. 32: 1-48.Search in Google Scholar

Taylor, B.R., Carleton, T.J., & Adams, P. 1987. Understorey vegetation change in a Picea mariana chronosequence. - Vegetatio 73: 63-72.10.1007/BF00031853Search in Google Scholar

Tonteri, T., Mikkola, K. & Lahti, T. 1990. Compositional gradients in the forest vegetation of Finland. - J. Veg. Sci. 1: 691-698.10.2307/3235577Search in Google Scholar

Tørseth, K. & Semb, A. 1997. Deposition of major inorganic compounds in Norway 1992-1996. - Norsk Inst. Vannforsk. Rapp. 1997: 1-44.10.1016/S0269-7491(98)80047-XSearch in Google Scholar

Ulrich, B., Mayer, R. & Khanna, P.K. 1979. Deposition von Luftverunreinigungen und ihre Auswirkungen im Waldekosystem im Solling. - Schr. forst. Fak. Univ. Göttingen 58: 1-291.Search in Google Scholar

Varskog, P. 1995. A study of the chemical composition of Norwegian forest soils with relation to climatic, pedological and edaphic factors. - Dr scient. Thesis, Univ. Trondheim, Trondheim.Search in Google Scholar

Venables, W. & Ripley, B. 2002. Modern Applied Statistics with S-Plus. - Springer, New York, USA.10.1007/978-0-387-21706-2Search in Google Scholar

Vetaas, O.R. 1992. Gradients in field-layer vegetation on an arid misty mountain plateau in the Sudan. - J. Veg. Sci. 3: 527-534.10.2307/3235809Search in Google Scholar

Vevle, O. 1986. Norske vegetasjonstypar. 3rd ed. - Nistås Forlag, Bø.Search in Google Scholar

Vorren, K.-D. & Engelskjøn, T. 1974. Vegetasjon og flora. - Norges nasjonalparker (Øvre Dividal): 38-69.Search in Google Scholar

Walter, H. & Walter, E. 1953. Einige allgemeine Ergebnisse unserer Forschungsreise nach Südwestafrika 1952/53: Das Gesetz der relativen Standortskonstanz; das Wesen der Pflanzengemeinschaften. - Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 66: 228-236.Search in Google Scholar

Wielgolaski, F.E. 1997. Fennoscandian tundra. In: Wielgolaski F.E. (ed.), pp. 227-283. Ecosystems of the world 3. Polar and alpine tundra. - Elsevier, Amsterdam.Search in Google Scholar

Wittich, W. 1961. Der Einfluß der Baumart auf den Bodenzustand. - Allg. Forst-Z. 16: 41-45.Search in Google Scholar

Wittig, R. & Neite, H. 1985. Acid indicators around the trunk base of Fagus sylvatica in limestone and loess beechwoods: distribution pattern and phytosociological problems. - Vegetatio 64: 113-119.10.1007/BF00044787Search in Google Scholar

Wold, O. 1989. Botaniske undersøkelser i Gutulia nasjonalpark 1988. - Fylkesmannen i Hedmark, Miljøvernavd. Rapp. 29: 1-32.Search in Google Scholar

Aarrestad P.A. 2002. Vegetation-environment relationships of broad-leaved deciduous forests in Hordaland county, western Norway. - Ilicifolia 3: 1-90.Search in Google Scholar

Aarrestad P.A., Bakkestuen, V., Stabbetorp, O.E. & Wilmann B. 2008. Vegetasjonsøkologiske undersøkelser av boreal bjørkeskog i Møsvatn 2007. In: Framstad, E (ed.) 2008. pp. 16-27. Natur i endring. Terrestrisk naturovervåking i 2007: Markvegetasjon, epifytter, smågnagere og fugl. - NINA Rapport 362.Search in Google Scholar

Aas, Ø. 1989. Skoglige forhold i Gutulia nasjonalpark og i utvidelsesalternativene. - Fylkesmannen i Hedmark, Miljøvernavd. Rapp. 23: 1-41.Search in Google Scholar

Aas, W., Tørseth, K., Solberg, S., Berg, T., Manø, S. & Yttri, K.E. 2002. Overvåking av langtransportert forurenset luft og nedbør. Atmosfærisk tilførsel, 2001. - St. Progm. Forurensn. Overvåking Rapp. 847: 1-156.Search in Google Scholar