[
Ammar, M.Y. 1978. Vegetation and local environment on shore ridges at Vickleby, Öland, Sweden. An Analysis. - Acta phytogeogr. suec. 64: 1-94.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Andersen, T. & Fjeldså, A. 1984. Sommerfugler (Lepidoptera) i åpent kystlandskap på Sandøy, Hvasser og sydenden på Tjøme, Tjøme kommune, Vestfold. - Miljøverndep. Rapp. T-576: 35-96.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Andersen, T. & Fjeldså, A. & Søli, G.E.E. 1988. Sjeldne og truete sommerfugler (Lepidoptera) i Vestfolds kystområder. - Økoforsk Rapp. 1988: 17: 1-129.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Arnold, G.W. 1964. Factors within plant associations affecting the behavior and performance of grazing animals. - Symp. br. ecol. Soc. 4: 133-154.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Andersson, F. 1970. Ecological studies in a Scanian woodland and meadow area, Southern Sweden. I. - Opera bot. 27: 1-190.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Andersson, F. & Ericson, J. 1963. Soil moisture in relation to heath and meadow vegetation. I. Principles and methods. - Bot. Not. 116: 257-266.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Auclair, A.N. & Goff, F.G. 1971. Diversity relations of upland forest in the western Great Lake area. - Am. Nat. 105: 499-528.10.1086/282742
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Austin, M. 1977. Use of ordination and other multivariate descriptive methods to study succession. - Vegetatio 35: 165-175.10.1007/BF02097067
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Austin, M. 1985. Continuum concept, ordination methods, and niche theory. - A. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 16: 39-6110.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.000351
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Austin, M. 1987. Models for the analysis of species ‘response to environmental gradients. -Vegetatio 69: 35-45.10.1007/978-94-009-4061-1_4
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Baadsvik, K. 1974. Jordanalyser. Noen utvalgte metoder for fysikalske og kjemiske jordanalyser. - Univ. Trondheim, Trondheim.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Baker, H.G. 1965. Characteristics and modes of origin of weeds - In: Baker, H.G. & Stebbins, G.L. (eds), The genetics of colonizing species, Academic Press, New York, pp. 147-168.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Barth, T.F.W. 1960. Precambrian of Southern Norway. Areal descriptions. - Norg. geol. Unders. 208: 22-48.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Belsky, A.J. 1986. Revegetation of artificial disturbances in grasslands of the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. II. Five years of successional change. - J. Ecol. 74: 937-951.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bolton, J. 1971. The chloride balance in a fertilizer experiment on sandy soil. - J. Sci. Fd. Agric. 22: 292-294.10.1002/jsfa.2740220606
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bormann, R.E. & Likens, G.E. 1979. Pattern and process in a forested ecosystem. - Springer, Berlin.10.1007/978-1-4612-6232-9
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Braak, C.J.F. ter 1987a. The analysis of vegetation-environment relationships by canonical correspondence analysis. - Vegetatio 69: 69-77.10.1007/978-94-009-4061-1_7
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Braak, C.J.F. ter 1987b. CANOCO - a FORTRAN program for canonical community ordination by (partial)(detrended)(canonical) correspondence analysis, principal components analysis and redundancy analysis (version 2.1). - TNO Inst. appl. Comp. Sci., Stat. Dept Wageningen, Wageningen.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Braak, C.J.F. ter & Prentice, I.C. 1988. A theory of gradient analysis. - Adv. ecol. Res. 18: 271-317.10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60183-X
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Breien, K. 1933. Vegetasjonen på skjellsandbanker i indre Østfold. - Nyt Mag. Naturvid. 72: 131-282.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Chesson, P.L. & Case, T.J. 1986. Overview: nonequilibrium theories: chance, variability, history, and coexistence. - In: Diamond, J. & Case, T.J. (eds), Community ecology, Harper & Row, New York, pp. 229-239.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Clymo, R.S. 1980. Preliminary survey of the peat-bog Hummell Knowe Moss using various numerical methods. - Vegetatio 42: 129-148.10.1007/978-94-009-9197-2_17
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Connell, J.H. & Slatyer, R.0. 1977. Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization. - Am. Nat. 111: 1119-1144.10.1086/283241
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Conover, W.J. 1980. Practical nonparametric statistics, ed. 2. - Wiley, New York.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Corley, M.F.V., Crundwell, A.C., Düll, R., Hill, M.O. & Smith, A.J.E. 1981. Mosses of Europa and the Azores: an annotated list of species, with synonyms from the recent literature. - J. Bryol. 11: 609-689.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Cowles, H.C. 1899. The ecological relations of the vegetation on sand dunes of Lake Michigan Bot. Gaz. 27: 95-117, 167-202, 281-308, 361-391.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Cramer, W & Hyttebom, H. 1987. The separation of fluctuation and long-term change in vegetation dynamics of a rising seashore. - Vegetatio 69: 157-167.10.1007/978-94-009-4061-1_16
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dahl, E., Elven, R., Moen, A. & Skogen, A. 1986. Vegetasjonskart over Norge 1 : 1 500 000. Nasjonalatlas for Norge. Kartblad 4.1.1. Vegetasjonsregioner. - Statens Kartverk, Hønefoss.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Danielsen, A. 1970. Pollen-analytical late Quaternary studies in the Ra district of Østfold, southeast Norway. - Årb. Univ. Bergen mat.-naturv. Ser. 1969: 14: 1-143.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dargie, T.C.D. 1984. On the integrated interpretation of indirect site ordinations: a case study using semi-arid vegetation in south-eastern Spain. - Vegetatio 55: 37-55.10.1007/BF00039980
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Drury, W.H. & Nisbet, I.C. 1973. Succession. - J. Arnold Arbor. Harv. Univ. 54: 331-368.10.5962/p.325716
]Search in Google Scholar
[
During, H.J. 1979. Life strategies of bryophytes: a preliminary review. - Lindbergia 5: 2-18.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
During, H.J. & van Tooren, B.F. 1990. Bryophyte interactions with other plants. - Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 104: 79-98.10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb02212.x
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Egener, H., Riehm, H. & Domingo, W.R. 1960. Untersuchungen über die chemische Bodenanalyse als Grundlage für die Beurteilung des Nährstoffzustandes der Böden. II. Chemische Extractionsmethoden zur Phosphor- und Kaliumbestimmung. - K. Lantbr-Högsk. Annlr 26: 199-215.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Egler, F.E. 1954. Vegetation science concepts. I. Initial floristic composition - a factor in old-field vegetation development. - Vegetatio 4: 412-417.10.1007/BF00275587
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Egler, F.E. 1976. Nature of vegetation. Its management and mismanagement. - Conn. Cons. Assoc., Bridgewater, Connecticut.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Eilertsen, O., Økland, R.H., Økland, T. & Pedersen, O. 1990. Data manipulation and gradient length estimation in DCA ordination. - J. Veg. Sci. 1: 261-270.10.2307/3235663
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Eilertsen, O., Økland, R.H., Økland, T. & Pedersen, O. 1988. Virkning av nedveiing og artsfjeming ved DCA-ordinasjon av vegetasjonsøkologiske datasett. - Univ. Trondheim VitenskMus. Rapp. bot. Ser. 1988: 1: 5-18.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ehnström, B. & Waldén, H. W. 1986. Faunavård i skogbruket. Del 2. Den lägre faunan. -Skogsstyrelsen, Jönköping.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Fenstad, G.U., Walløe, L. & Wille, S.Ø. 1977. Three tests for regression compared by stochastic simulation under normal and heavy tailed distribution of errors. - Scand. J. Statist. 4: 31-34.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Finegan, B. 1984. Forest succession. - Nature 312: 109-114.10.1038/312109a0
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gauch, H.G. 1982a. Multivariate analysis in community ecology. - Camb. Stud. Ecol. 1: 1-298.10.1017/CBO9780511623332
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gauch, H.G. 1982b. Noise reduction by eigenvector ordinations. - Ecology 63: 1643-1649.10.2307/1940105
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gauch, H.G. & Whittaker, R.H. 1972. Coenocline simulation. - Ecology 53: 446-451.10.2307/1934231
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Grace, J.B. 1990. On the relationship between plant traits and competitive ability. - In: Grace, J.B. & Tilman, D., Perspectives on plant competition, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 51-65.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Greig-Smith, P. 1964. Quantitative plant ecology, ed. 2. - Butterworth, London.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Grime, J.P. 1973a. Control of species diversity in herbaceous vegetation. - J. env. Mgmt. 1: 151-167.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Grime, J.P. 1973b. Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation. - Nature 242: 344-347.10.1038/242344a0
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Grime, J.P. 1973c. Competition and diversity in herbaceous vegetation - a reply. - Nature 244: 310-311.10.1038/244311a0
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Grime, J.P. 1974. Vegetation classification by reference to strategies. - Nature 250: 26-31.10.1038/250026a0
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Grime, J.P. 1977. Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory. - Am. Nat. 111: 1169-1194.10.1086/283244
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Grime, J.P. 1979. Plant strategies and vegetation processes. - Wiley, Chichester.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.G. & Hunt, R. 1988. Comparative plant ecology. A functional approach to common British species, - Unwin Hyman Ltd. London.10.1007/978-94-017-1094-7
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Grime, J.P. & Hunt, R. 1975. Relative growth rate: its range and adaptive significance in a local flora. - J. Ecol. 63: 393-422.10.2307/2258728
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Grime, J.P., Rincon, E.R. & Wickerson, B.E. 1990. Bryophytes and plant strategy theory. - Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 104: 175-186.10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb02217.x
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Grolle, R. 1976. Verzeichnis der Lebermoose Europas und benachbarter Gebiete. - Feddes Reprium 87: 171-279.10.1002/fedr.19760870303
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Grubb, P.J. 1976. A theoretical background to the conservation of ecologically distinct groups of annuals and biennials in the chalk grassland ecosystem. - Biol. Conserv. 10: 53-76.10.1016/0006-3207(76)90025-2
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hallberg, H.P. 1959. Rhytidium rugosum (L. ex. Hedw.) Kindb. i Bohuslän. - Svensk bot. Tidskr. 53: 49-63.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hallberg, H.P. 1965. Bidrag til Göteborgs och Bohus läns växtgeografi. - Svensk bot. Tidskr. 59: 368-376.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hallberg, H.P. 1971. Vegetation auf den Schalenablagerungen in Bohuslän, Schweden. - Acta phytogeogr. suec. 56: 1-136.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hallberg, H.P. & Ivarson, R. 1965. Vegetation of coastal Bohuslän. - Acta phytogeogr. suec. 50: 111-122.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Halvorsen, R. 1980. Numerical analysis and successional relationships of shell-bed vegetation at Akerøya, Hvaler, SE Norway. - Norw. J. Bot. 27: 71-95.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Harper, J.L. 1977. Population biology of plants. - Academic Press, London.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Harwood, J.E., van Stenderen, R.A. & Kühre, A.L., 1969. A rapid method for orthophosphate analysis at high concentrations in water. - Water Res. 3: 417-423.10.1016/0043-1354(69)90003-7
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hauge, N. 1948. Plantefunn fra Fredrikstad omegn og Hvaler. - Blyttia 6: 51-52.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Heinselman, M.L. 1981. Fire and succession in the conifer forest of northern North America.-In: West, D.C., Shugart, H.H. & Botkin, D.B. (eds), Forest succession: Concepts and application, Springer, Berlin, pp. 374-405.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hill, M.O. 1979. DECORANA - A Fortran program for detrended correspondence analysis and reciprocal averaging. - Cornell Univ., Ithaca, New York.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hill, M.O. & Gauch, H.G. 1980. Detrended correspondence analysis: an improved ordination technique. - Vegetatio 42: 47-58.10.1007/978-94-009-9197-2_7
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hillier, S.H. 1984. A quantitative study of gap recolonization in two contrasted limestone grasslands. - Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Sheffield, UK.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hom, H.S. 1974. The ecology of secondary succession. - An. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 5: 25-37.10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.000325
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hom, H.S. 1975. Markovian properties of forest succession. - In: Cody, M.L. & Diamond, J. (eds), Ecology and Evolution of Communities, Belknap Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 196-211.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Huston, M. 1979. A general hypothesis of species diversity. - Am. Nat. 113: 81-101.10.1086/283366
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Jensén, S. 1978. Influences of transformation of cover values on classification and ordination of lake vegetation. - Vegetatio 37: 19-31.10.1007/BF00117265
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Johnson, C.D. & Thomas, A.G. 1978. Recruitment and survival of seedlings of perennial Hieracium species in a patchy environment. - Can. J. Bot. 56: 572-580.10.1139/b78-066
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kendall, M.G. 1938. A new measure of rank correlation. - Biometrika 30: 81-93.10.1093/biomet/30.1-2.81
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Krog, H., Østhagen, H. & Tønsberg, T. 1980. Lavflora. - Universitetsforlaget, Oslo.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Keizer, P.J., van Tooren, B.F. & During, H.J. 1985. Effects of bryophytes on seedling emergence and establishment of short-lived forbs in chalk grassland. - J. Ecol. 73: 493-504.10.2307/2260489
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kelly, D. 1989. Demography of short-lived plants in chalk grassland. II. Control of mortality and fecundity. - J. Ecol. 77: 770-784.10.2307/2260984
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kenkel, N.C. & Orlóci, L. 1986. Applying metric and nonmetric multidimensional scaling to ecological studies: some new results. - Ecology 67: 919-928.10.2307/1939814
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kent, M. & Ballard, J. 1988. Trends and problems in the application of classification and ordination methods in plant ecology. - Vegetatio 78: 109-124.10.1007/BF00033421
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Knox, R.G. 1989. Effects of detrending and rescaling on correspondence analysis: solution stability and accuracy. - Vegetatio 83: 129-136.10.1007/BF00031685
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lahti, T. & Väisänen, R.A. 1987. Ecological gradients of boreal forest in south Finland: an ordination test of Cajander’s forest type theory. - Vegetatio 68: 145-156.10.1007/BF00114715
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lawrence, D.B., Schoenike, R.E., Quispel, A. & Bond, G. 1967. The role of Dryas drummondii in vegetation development following ice recession at Glacier Bay, Alaska, with special reference to its nitrogen fixation by root nodules. - J. Ecol. 55: 793-813.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Longton, R.E. 1984. The role of bryophytes in terrestrial ecosystems. - J. Hattori bot. Lab. 55: 147-163.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Loucks, O.L. 1970. Evolution of diversity, efficiency, and community stability. - Am. Zool. 10: 17-25.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Maarel, E. van der. 1971. Plant species diversity in relation to management. - Symp. br. Ecol. Soc. 11: 45-63.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Maarel, E. van der. 1979. Transformation of cover-abundance values in phytosociology and its effect on community similarity. - Vegetatio 39: 97-114.10.1007/BF00052021
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Maarel, E. van der. 1989. Theoretical vegetation science on the way. - Vegetatio 83: 1-6.10.1007/BF00031676
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Marion, G.M., Miller, P.C., Kummerov, J. & Oechel, W.C. 1982. Competition for nitrogen in a tussock tundra ecosystem. - Plant Soil 66: 317-328.10.1007/BF02183798
]Search in Google Scholar
[
McIntosh, R.P. 1980. The relationship between succession and the recovery process inecosystems. - In: Cairns, J. (ed.), The recovery process in damaged ecosystems, Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp. 11-62.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Melillo, J.M., Aber, J.D. and Muratore, J.M. 1982. Nitrogen and lignin control of hardwood leaf litter decomposition dynamics. - Ecology 63: 621-626.10.2307/1936780
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Midtgaard, F. & Aarvik, L. 1984. Insektinventeringen på Ostøya og Håøya 1983. -Miljøverndep. Rapp. T-576: 1-34.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Miles, J. 1979. Vegetation dynamics. - Chapman & Hall, London.10.1007/978-94-009-5798-5
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Miles, J., Schmidt, W. & van der Maarel, E. (eds). 1988. Temporal and spatial patterns of vegetation dynamics. - Vegetatio 77: 1-201.10.1007/978-94-009-2275-4
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Minchin, P. 1987. An evaluation of the relative robustness of techniques for ecological ordination. - Vegetatio 69: 89-107.10.1007/978-94-009-4061-1_9
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Minchin, P. 1989. Montane vegetation of the Mt. Field massif, Tasmania: a test of some hypotheses about properties of communityu patterns. - Vegetatio 83: 97-110.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Moore, D.M. 1982. Flora Europaea check-list and chromosome index. - Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.10.1017/CBO9780511735493
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Mueller-Dombois, D. & Ellenberg, H. 1974. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. -Wiley, New York.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Naveh, Z. & Whittaker, R.H. 1980. Structural and floristic diversity of shrublands and woodlands in northern Israel and other Mediterranean areas. - Vegetatio 41: 171-190.10.1007/BF00052445
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Niering, W.A. & Egler, F.E. 1955. A shrub community of Viburnum lentago, stable for twentyfive years. - Ecology 36: 356-360.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Nilsson, S. 1934. Floristiska anteckninger från Bohuslän. - Acta Horti gotoburg. 9: 23-40.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Nilsson, S. 1945. Skalgrusbankarna i Bohuslän, deras flora och vegetation. - In: Fries, H. (ed.) Göteborgs och Bohus läns fanerogamer och ormbunkar, Göteborg, pp. 75-85.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Norušis, M.J. 1983. SPSS/PC+ for the IBM PC{)CT/AT. - SPSS inc., Chicago, Illinois.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Norušis, M.J. 1987. Data analysis for SPSSx. - SPSS inc., Chicago, Illinois.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Odum, E.P. 1969. The strategy of ecosystem development. - Science 164: 262-270.10.1126/science.164.3877.2625776636
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Økland, R.H. 1986a. Rescaling of ecological gradients. I. Calculation of ecological distance between vegetation stands by means of their floristic composition. - Nord. J. Bot. 6: 651-660.10.1111/j.1756-1051.1986.tb00464.x
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Økland, R.H. 1986b. Rescaling of ecological gradients. II. The effect of scale on symmetry of species response curves. - Nord. J. Bot. 6: 661-670.10.1111/j.1756-1051.1986.tb00465.x
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Økland, R.H. 1986c. Rescaling of ecological gradients. III. The effect of scale on niche breadth measurements. - Nord. J. Bot. 6: 671-677.10.1111/j.1756-1051.1986.tb00466.x
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Økland, R.H. 1989. Hydromorphology and phytogeography of mires in inner Østfold and adjacent part of Akershus, SE Norway, in relation to SE Fennoscandian mires. - Opera bot. 97: 1-122.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Økland, R.H. 1990a. A phytoecological study of the mire Northern Kisselbergmosen, Rødenes, SE Norway. II. Identification of gradients by detrended (canonical) correspondence analysis. - Nord. J. Bot. 10: 79-108.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Økland, R.H. 1990b. A phytoecological study of the mire Northern Kisselbergmosen, SE Norway. III. Diversity and habitat niche relationships. - Nord. J. Bot. 10: 191-220.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Økland, R.H. 1990c. Vegetation ecology: theory, methods and applications with reference to Fennoscandia. - Sommerfeltia Suppl. 1: 1-233.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Økland, R.H. 1990d. Studies in SE Fennoscandian mires, with special regard to the use of multivariate techniques and the scaling of ecological gradients. - Sommerfeltia Suppl. 2: 1-22.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Økland, R.H., Eilertsen, O. & Økland, T. 1989. On the relationship between sample plot size and beta diversity in boreal coniferous forests. - Vegetatio 87: 187-192.10.1007/BF00042954
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Økland, T. 1988. An ecological approach to the investigation of a beech forest in Vestfold, SE Norway. - Nord. J. Bot. 8: 375-407.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Økland, T. 1990. Vegetational and ecological monitoring of boreal forests in Norway. I. Rausjømarka in Akershus county, SE Norway. - Sommerfeltia 10: 1-52.10.2478/som-1990-0001
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Oksanen, J. 1983. Ordination of boreal heath-like vegetation with principal component analysis, correspondence analysis and multidimensional scaling. - Vegetatio 52: 181-189.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Oksanen, J. 1984. Lichen-rich forest and related commumues in Finland: ordination and classification studies. - Univ. Joensuu Puhl. Sci. 1: 1-35.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Oksanen, J. 1988. A note on the occasional instability of detrending in correspondence analysis. -Vegetatio 74: 29-32.10.1007/BF00045610
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Olson, J. 1958. Rates of succession and soil changes on southern Lake Michigan sand dunes. - Bot. Gaz. 119: 125-170.10.1086/335973
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Oosting, H.J. 1954. Ecological processes and vegetation of the maritime strand in the southeastern United States. - Bot. Rev. 20: 226-262.10.1007/BF02872371
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Palmer, M.W. & Dixon, P.M. 1990. Small-scale environmental heterogeneity and analysis of species distributions along gradients. - J. Veg. Sci. 1: 57-65.10.2307/3236053
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Pedersen, O. 1988. Biological data program/PC. Version 1.01. Brukerveiledning. -VegeDataConsult, Oslo.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Peet, R.K. 1978. Forest vegetation of Colorado Front Range: patterns of species diversity. -Vegetatio 37: 65-78.10.1007/BF00126830
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Peet, R.K. 1980. Ordination as a tool for analyzing complex data sets. - Vegetatio 42: 171-174.10.1007/978-94-009-9197-2_20
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Peet, R.K. & Christensen, N.L. 1980. Succession: a population process. - Vegetatio 43: 131-140.10.1007/978-94-009-9200-9_14
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Peet, R.K., Glenn-Lewin, D.C. & Wolf, J.W. 1983. Prediction of man’s impact on plant species diversity: a challenge for vegetation science. - In: Holzner, W., Werger, M.J.A. & Ikusima, I. (eds), Man’s impact on vegetation, Junk, The Hague, pp. 41-54.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Peet, R.K., Knox, R.G., Case, J.S. & Allen, R.B. 1988. Putting things in order: the advantages of detrended correspondence analysis. - Am. Nat. 131: 924-934.10.1086/284833
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Pickett, S.T.A. 1976. Succession: an evolutionary interpretation. - Am. Nat. 110: 107-119.10.1086/283051
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Pielou, E.C. 1984. The interpretation of ecological data. - Wiley, New York.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Pierce, W.G. and Kershaw, K.A. 1976. Studies on lichen-dominated systems. XVII. The colonization of young raised beaches in NW Ontario. - Can. J. Bot. 54: 1672-1683.10.1139/b76-180
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Prentice, J.C. & van der Maarel, E. (eds). 1987. Theory and models in vegetation science. -Vegetatio 69: 1-223.10.1007/978-94-009-4061-1
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rabotnov, T.A. 1969. Plant regeneration from seed in meadows of the U.S.S.R. - Herbage Abstracts 39: 269-277.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rogers, R.W. 1990. Ecological strategies of lichens. - Lichenologist 22: 149-162.10.1017/S002428299000010X
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rosén, E. 1982. Vegetation development and sheep grazing in limestone grasslands of south Öland, Sweden. - Acta phytogeogr. suec. 72: 85-104.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rosén, E. & Sjögren, E. 1973. Sheep grazing and changes of vegetation on the limestone heath of Öland. - Zoon Suppl. 1: 137-151.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rosén, E. & Sjögren, E. 1974. Alvarprosjektet “Samband vegetation-betning på Ölands Stora Alvar”. Slutredogörelse 7: 46fi3. - Inst. of Ecological Botany, Uppsala Univ., Uppsala, mimeogr.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rustan, Ø.H. 1984. BDP - Botanical data program. Version 3.0. Bruksveiledning. - Bot. Gdn Mus., Univ. Oslo, Oslo.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rustan, Ø.H. & Pedersen, O. 1988. BDP - Botanical data program. Version 4.0. Bruksveiledning. -Bot. Gdn Mus., Univ. Oslo, Oslo.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rydgren, K. 1989. Urterike granskoger i Brønnøy kommune, Nordland. En vegetasjonsøkologisk undersøkelse med vekt på metodiske aspekter. - Cand. scient. Thesis, Univ. Oslo, Oslo.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rydin, H. 1986. Competition and niche separation in Sphagnum. - Can. J. Bot. 64: 1817-1824.10.1139/b86-240
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ryser, P. 1990. Influence of gaps and neighbouring plants on seedling establishment in limestone grassland. Experimental field studies in northern Switzerland. - Veröff. geobot. Inst. eidg. techn. Hochsch. Stift. Rübel Zürich 104: 1-71.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ryvarden, L. 1972. Litt om Akerøyas flora. - Blyttia 30: 105-110.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Schenkeveld, A.J. & Verkaar, H.J. 1984. On the ecology of short-lived forbs in chalk grasslands. - Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Utrecht, Utrecht.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Schollenberger, C.J. & Simon, R.H. 1945. Determination of exchange capacity and exchangeable bases in soil-ammonium acetate method. - Soil Sci. 59: 13-24.10.1097/00010694-194501000-00004
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Schuster, R.M. 1966. The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America east of the hundredth meridian. I. - Columbia Univ. Press, New York.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Screiber, K.-F. 1980. Entstehung von Ökosystemen und ihre Beeinflussung durch menschliche Eingriffe. - In: Saarl. Minister für Umwelt, Raumordnung und Bauwesen (ed.), Eine Welt - darin zu leben. Saarbrücken, pp. 34-51.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Silvertown, J.W. & Law, R. 1987. Do plants need niches? Some recent developments in plant community ecology. - Trends Ecol. Evol. 2: 24-26.10.1016/0169-5347(87)90197-2
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sjögren, E. 1971. The influence of sheep grazing on limestone heath vegetation on the Baltic island of Öland. - Symp. br. Ecol. Soc. 11: 487-495.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Slack, N.G. 1977. Species diversity and community structure in bryophytes. - N.Y. St. Mus. Bull, 428: 1-70.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Slack, N.G. 1982. Bryophytes in relation to ecological niche theory. - J. Hattori bot. Lab. 52: 199-217.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Smartt, P.F.M., Meacock, S.E. & Lambert, J.M. 1974a. Investigations into the properties of quantitative vegetational data. - J. Ecol. 62: 735-759.10.2307/2258953
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Smartt, P.F.M., Meacock, S.E. & Lambert, J.M. 1974b. Investigations into the properties of quantitative vegetational data. II. Further data type comparisons. - J. Ecol. 64: 47-78.10.2307/2258684
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Størmer, P. 1936. Two new localities in Norway of Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich. - Nyt Mag. Naturvid. 75: 145-149.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Stuart, A. 1956. The efficiencies of test of randomness against normal regression. - J. am. Stat. Ass. 51: 285-287.10.1080/01621459.1956.10501327
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Svalheim, E.J. & Wegener, C. 1990. Overlappende nisjer hos Draba alpina L. og Draba oxycarpa (Sommerf.) på Knutshø, S. Trøndelag: En autøkologisk undersøkelse. -Cand. scient. Thesis, Univ. Oslo, Oslo.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Tilman, G.D. 1982. Resource competition and community structure. - Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, New Jersey.10.1515/9780691209654
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Tilman, G.D. 1985. The resource ratio hypothesis of plant succession. - Am. Nat. 125: 827-852.10.1086/284382
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Tilman, G.D. 1988. Plant strategies and the dynamics and structure of plant communities. - Princeton Monogr, Princeton, New Jersey.10.1515/9780691209593
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Tonteri, T. Mikkola, K. & Lahti, T. 1990a. Compositional gradients in the forest vegetation of Finland. - J. Veg. Sci. 1: 691-698.10.2307/3235577
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Tonteri, T. Mikkola, K. & Lahti, T., Hotanen, J.-P. & Kuusipalo, J. 1990b. The Finnish forest site type approach: ordination and classification studies of mesic forest sites in southern Finland. - Vegetatio 87: 85-98.10.1007/BF00045658
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Tooren, B.F. van. 1988. The fate of seeds after dispersal in chalk grassland: the role of the bryophyte layer. - Oikos 53: 41-48.10.2307/3565661
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Tooren, B.F. van., During, H.J. & Oudhof, J.A.F. 1987. Dynamics of bryophytes in chalk grassland. -Folia geobot. phytotax. 22: 377-383.10.1007/BF02853234
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Turkington, R., Cavers, P.B. & Aarssen, L.W. 1977. Neighbor relationships in grass-legume communities. I. Interspecific contacts in four grassland communities near London, Ontario. - Can. J. Bot. 55: 2701-2711.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Turkington, R., Cavers, P.B. & Aarssen, L.W. & Harper, J.L. 1979. The growth, distribution and neighbour relationships of Trifolium repens in a permanent pasture. II. Inter- and intra-specific contact. - J. Ecol. 67: 219-230.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Verwijst, T. & Cramer, W. 1986. Age structure of woody species in primary succession on a rising Bothnian sea-shore. - Proceedings of the IUFRO workshop on forest succession research, Wageningen, September 1985, Pudoc, Wageningen.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Vitousek, P.M. 1983. Nitrogen turnover in a ragweed-dominated first-year old field in southern Indiana. - Am. Midl. Nat. 110: 46-53.10.2307/2425212
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Vitousek, P.M. 1985. Community turnover and ecosystem nutrient dynamics. - In: Pickett, S.T.A. & White, P.S. (eds), The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 325-333.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Walker, D. 1970. Direction and rate in some British post-glacial hydroseres. - In: Walker, D. & West, R.G. (eds), Studies in the vegetational history of the British Isles, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 117-139.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wartenberg, D., Ferson, S. & Rohlf, F.J. 1987. Putting things in order: a critique of detrended correspondence analysis. - Am. Nat. 129: 434-448.10.1086/284647
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Westhoff, V. 1947. The vegetation of dunes and salt marshes on the Dutch islands of Terscelling, Vlieland and Texel. - van der Horst, Den Haag.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Watson, M.A. 1980a. Patterns of habitat occupation in mosses: relevance to considerations of the niche. - Bull. Torrey bot. Club 107: 346-372.10.2307/2484157
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Watson, M.A. 1980b. Shifts in patterns of microhabitat occupation by six closely related species of mosses along a complex altitudinal gradient. - Oecologia 47: 46-55.10.1007/BF0054177528309628
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Watson, M.A. 1981. Patterns of microhabitat occupation by six closely related species of mosses along a complex altitudinal gradient. - Ecology 62: 1067-1078.10.2307/1937005
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Whittaker, R.H. 1956. Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains. - Ecol. Monogr. 26: 1-80.10.2307/1943577
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Whittaker, R.H. 1967. Gradient analysis of vegetation. - Biol. Rev. Camb. phil. Soc. 42: 207-264.10.1111/j.1469-185X.1967.tb01419.x4859903
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Whittaker, R.H. 1972. Evolution and measurements of species diversity. - Taxon 21: 213-251.10.2307/1218190
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Whittaker, R.H. 1975. Communities and ecosystems.- MacMillan, New York.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Whittaker, R.H. 1977a. Animal effects on plant species diversity. - In: Tüxen, R. (ed.), Vegetation und fauna, Cramer, Vaduz, pp. 409-425.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Whittaker, R.H. 1977b. Evolution of species diversity in land communities. - Evol. Biol. 10: 1-67.10.1007/978-1-4615-6953-4_1
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wilson, M.V. & Mohler, C.L. 1983. Measuring compositional change along gradients. -Vegetatio 54: 129-141.10.1007/BF00047100
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wilson, S.D. & Keddy, P.A. 1986. Species competitive ability and position along a natural stress/disturbance gradient. - Ecology 67: 1236-1242.10.2307/1938679
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zhang, L. 1983. Vegetation ecology and population biology of Fritillaria meleagris L. at the Kungsängen Nature Reserve, Eastern Sweden. - Acta phytogeogr. suec. 73: 1-96.
]Search in Google Scholar
