The Effect of a Hatha Yoga Exercise Programme with Segmental Stabilisation Exercises on Trunk Flexibility

Demographic characteristics of participants in EG and CG_

Characteristic	Group				P
	EG (n=36)		CG (n=36)
	x̄	SD	x̄	SD
Age (years)	32.2	6.8	29.9	7.8	0.187
Body height (m)	1.69	0.06	1.69	0.08	0.680
Body mass (kg)	65.9	9.7	67.2	13.2	0.662
BMI (kg/m2)	23.2	3.2	23.4	3.6	0.866

Results of BEFORE-AFTER differences in muscle extensibility of the lower back and hip muscles (comparison of EG-CG measurements)_

Test	Group	x̄	SD	%	P	Cohen’s d
L-IL (°)	EG	2.4	4.2	15.1	0.004	0.70
	CG	−0.6	4.4	−3.1
R-IL (°)	EG	2.8	4.0	17.2	<0.001	0.83
	CG	−0.6	4.2	−3.2
L-RF (°)	EG	−1.4	5.9	−2.5	0.041	−0.50
	CG	1.6	6.0	3.0
R-RF (°)	EG	−1.4	7.2	−2.5	0.293	−0.25
	CG	0.2	5.3	0.4
V-SRT (cm)	EG	2.6	4.0	31.6	<0.001	1.06
	CG	−1.2	3.1	−14.8

Results of BEFORE-AFTER differences in mobility (in cm) of the thoracolumbar spine (comparison of EG-CG measurements)_

Motion	Group	x̄(cm)	SD (cm)	%	P	Cohen’s d
FL	EG	0.5	1.1	5.8	0.036a	0.64
	CG	−0.3	1.4	−2.7
EX	EG	−0.6	1.5	−19.0	0.337a	−0.40
	CG	−0.04	1.3	−1.6
L-LF	EG	0.7	1.8	3.5	0.010b	0.67
	CG	−0.5	1.8	−2.2
R-LF	EG	0.7	1.9	3.7	0.135b	0.32
	CG	0.1	1.8	0.3
L-RO	EG	0.6	1.5	6.5	0.082a	0.59
	CG	−0.2	1.2	−2.0
R-RO	EG	0.6	1.2	7.5	0.003a	0.56
	CG	−0.1	1.3	−1.2

Results of muscle extensibility of the lower back and hip muscles (comparison of BEFORE-AFTER measurements)_

Group	Test	m	x̄	95% CI	SD	Me	Min.	Max.	P
EG (n=36)	L-IL (°)	BEFORE	16.1	13.7; 18.6	7.3	17.0	−1.0	34.0	0.001b
		AFTER	18.6	16.5; 20.7	6.2	19.5	6.0	34.0
	R-IL (°)	BEFORE	15.9	13.6; 18.3	6.9	16.5	3.0	34.0	<0.001b
		AFTER	18.7	16.4; 21.0	6.9	19.0	7.0	34.0
	L-RF (°)	BEFORE	54.1	51.3; 56.8	8.1	54.0	35.0	74.0	0.172b
		AFTER	52.7	50.2; 55.2	7.4	54.0	31.0	65.0
	R-RF (°)	BEFORE	55.5	52.5; 58.6	9.0	55.5	36.0	72.0	0.265b
		AFTER	54.2	51.5; 56.9	8.0	56.0	34.0	70.0
	V-SRT (cm)	BEFORE	8.1	5.8; 10.4	6.9	9.0	−14.5	20.5	0.001b
		AFTER	10.6	8.8; 12.5	5.5	11.3	0.0	22.0
CG (n=36)	L-IL (°)	BEFORE	18.6	16.1; 21.0	7.3	18.0	−6.0	35.0	0.501a
		AFTER	18.0	15.2; 20.8	8.4	17.5	−3.0	43.0
	R-IL (°)	BEFORE	18.4	15.9; 20.9	7.4	18.0	−7.0	38.0	0.260a
		AFTER	17.8	15.3; 20.3	7.3	17.0	−3.0	38.0
	L-RF (°)	BEFORE	51.6	49.6; 53.5	5.8	52.0	36.0	71.0	0.257a
		AFTER	53.1	50.5; 55.8	7.8	53.0	35.0	68.0
	R-RF (°)	BEFORE	52.9	50.9; 54.9	5.9	52.0	41.0	67.0	0.804b
		AFTER	53.1	50.5; 55.7	7.7	55.0	39.0	70.0
	V-SRT (cm)	BEFORE	7.8	4.6; 10.9	9.3	7.0	−25.0	26.5	0.031a
		AFTER	6.6	3.4; 9.9	9.6	6.0	−26.0	22.0

Results of mobility (in cm) of the thoracolumbar spine (comparison of BEFORE-AFTER measurements)_

Group	Motion	m	x̄ (cm)	95% CI (cm)	SD (cm)	Me (cm)	Min. (cm)	Max. (cm)	P
EG (n=36)	FL	BEFORE	8.4	7.9; 9.0	1.7	8.5	5.0	12.0	0.015b
		AFTER	8.9	8.4; 9.5	1.6	9.0	5.0	12.0
	EX	BEFORE	3.0	2.4; 3.6	1.7	3.0	0.5	8.0	0.038a
		AFTER	2.4	2.0; 2.8	1.2	2.0	0.5	6.0
	L-LF	BEFORE	19.6	18.3; 21.0	4.0	19.5	11.5	29.0	0.031a
		AFTER	20.3	19.0; 21.6	3.8	20.0	13.0	31.5
	R-LF	BEFORE	19.6	18.4; 20.9	3.7	19.5	12.5	28.0	0.041a
		AFTER	20.3	19.1; 21.6	3.6	20.0	14.5	33.5
	L-RO	BEFORE	8.3	7.7; 9.0	1.9	8.5	4.5	12.5	0.040b
		AFTER	8.9	8.2; 9.6	2.0	9.0	5.0	13.0
	R-RO	BEFORE	8.5	7.9; 9.0	1.7	8.5	6.0	12.0	0.003b
		AFTER	9.1	8.5; 9.7	1.8	9.0	6.5	13.0
CG (n=36)	FL	BEFORE	9.1	8.5; 9.7	1.8	9.0	5.0	13.0	0.416a
		AFTER	8.8	8.3; 9.4	1.6	8.5	6.5	12.0
	EX	BEFORE	2.6	2.2; 3.0	1.2	2.3	0.5	5.0	0.777a
		AFTER	2.5	2.1; 3.0	1.4	2.5	0.5	7.0
	L-LF	BEFORE	20.8	19.4; 22.2	4.2	21.3	12.0	30.0	0.143b
		AFTER	20.3	18.9; 21.8	4.3	20.3	12.0	29.0
	R-LF	BEFORE	20.8	19.5; 22.1	3.8	21.0	13.0	31.5	0.854b
		AFTER	20.8	19.5; 22.2	4.0	21.5	12.5	31.0
	L-RO	BEFORE	8.2	7.7; 8.6	1.4	8.0	5.0	10.5	0.408b
		AFTER	8.0	7.5; 8.5	1.5	8.0	5.5	11.0
	R-RO	BEFORE	8.3	7.8; 8.8	1.4	8.3	5.5	13.0	0.666b
		AFTER	8.2	7.6; 8.8	1.7	8.0	4.0	11.5