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Evaluating the Effect of Environment Acidity on Stabilized Expansive Clay

Saeed Ghaffarpour Jahromi

Saeed Ghaffarpour Jahromi

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training UniversityTehran, Iran
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Jahromi, Saeed Ghaffarpour
 y 
Ashkan Noori

Ashkan Noori

School of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
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Noori, Ashkan
  
25 ene 2023
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Categoría del artículo: Original Study
Publicado en línea: 25 ene 2023
Páginas: 14 - 27
Recibido: 23 dic 2021
Aceptado: 13 sept 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2022-0022
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© 2023 Saeed Ghaffarpour Jahromi et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Compositional diagram showing the approximate composition range of clay minerals.
Compositional diagram showing the approximate composition range of clay minerals.

Figure 2

Micrographs of alkali-activated clay sediments showing that activation with NaOH (a) resulted in a more porous, less dense microstructure than activation with (b) Na-silicate solution (Ferone, et al., 2015).
Micrographs of alkali-activated clay sediments showing that activation with NaOH (a) resulted in a more porous, less dense microstructure than activation with (b) Na-silicate solution (Ferone, et al., 2015).

Figure 3

Atomic diagram of kaolinite (two layers), Image generated in VESTA (Larsen et al., 2017), using structural parameters from Bish (Bish, 1993).
Atomic diagram of kaolinite (two layers), Image generated in VESTA (Larsen et al., 2017), using structural parameters from Bish (Bish, 1993).

Figure 4

SEM image of cement-treated clay immediately after compaction (Zhao et al., 2016).
SEM image of cement-treated clay immediately after compaction (Zhao et al., 2016).

Figure 5

X-ray diffraction of clay sample. (Quartz, Illite, Kaolinite, and Calcite).
X-ray diffraction of clay sample. (Quartz, Illite, Kaolinite, and Calcite).

Figure 6

The determined heat flow curves of sulfate depletion peak in (a) N and (b) OH group (Chen et al., 2018).
The determined heat flow curves of sulfate depletion peak in (a) N and (b) OH group (Chen et al., 2018).

Figure 7

Density curve of cement-stabilized and unsterilized soil.
Density curve of cement-stabilized and unsterilized soil.

Figure 8

Unconfined compressive strength of nonstabilized samples in various environments in terms of acidity.
Unconfined compressive strength of nonstabilized samples in various environments in terms of acidity.

Figure 9

Unconfined compressive strength of samples stabilized by 5% cement in various environments in terms of acidity.
Unconfined compressive strength of samples stabilized by 5% cement in various environments in terms of acidity.

Figure 9

Failure strain of nonstabilized samples in various environments in terms of acidity.
Failure strain of nonstabilized samples in various environments in terms of acidity.

Figure 10

Failure strain of 5% cement-stabilized samples in various environments in terms of acidity.
Failure strain of 5% cement-stabilized samples in various environments in terms of acidity.

Figure 11

Stress–strain curve from an oedometer test.
Stress–strain curve from an oedometer test.

Figure 12

Volume change coefficient of nonstabilized samples in various environments in terms of acidity.
Volume change coefficient of nonstabilized samples in various environments in terms of acidity.

Figure 13

Volume change coefficient of 5% cement-stabilized samples in various environments in terms of acidity.
Volume change coefficient of 5% cement-stabilized samples in various environments in terms of acidity.

Chemical properties of cement_

Properties Loss on ignition Remaining insoluble C3A MgO Fe2O3 AL2O3 SiO2
ASTM C150 3% 0.75% 8% 5% 6% 6% 20%

Swelling rate and swelling pressure_

Soil type Swelling pressure Swelling rate Swelling potential
CL 16.15 kPa 4.37% Medium
12.45 kPa 2.81% Medium
8.65 kPa 1.68% Medium

Specifications of water_

Chemical compounds existing in water Ppm
HCO3 329.4
CL 14.2
SO4 9.6
Ca 92
Mg 14.4
Na 6.9
K 2.3

Physical properties of cement_

Properties Compressive strength Setting time Autoclave expansion Specific surface area
28 days 2 days Final Initial
ASTM C150 more than 38.5 kPa more than 7 kPa less than 6 hours more than 45 minutes less than 0.8% more than 2800 gr/cm2

The used buffer specification_

Environmental condition Degree of acidity
Acid 4
Neutral 7
Alkaline 10

Physical properties of the clay used in the study_

pH Gs Dry density Natural moisture content Soil classification (USCS) Atterberg limits
PI PL LL
7.59 2.7 14.9 kN/m3 20.9% CL 19.7% 23.8% 43.5%
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Temas de la revista:
Geociencias, Geociencias, otros, Ciencia de los materiales, Compuestos, Materiales porosos, Física, Mecánica y dinámica de fluidos
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