Comparison of Analysis Specifications and Practices for Diaphragm Wall Retaining System

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Results of analysis with British standards_

Case	Hmax (mm)	B.Mmax (kNm)	S.Fmax (kN)	T(kN)
D1 A	4.41	226.41	140.58	151.2
D1 B	11.52	297	180.1	231.1

Partial factors of safety applied on loads_

CODE	Standard/limit state case	Loads				Water Pressure	Active E.P.	Passive E.P.
		Permanent		Variable
		Favourable	Unfavourable	Favourable	Unfavourable
Europe	D1 A	1	1.35	-	1.5	1	-	1
	D1 B	1	1	-	1.3	1	-	1
	D2	1	1.35	-	1.5	1	-	1.4
	D3	1	1.35	-	1.5	1	-	1
Australia	Strength	1.5		-		1	1.25	0.8
	Stability	1.5		-		1	1.25	0.8
	Serviceability	0.7		-		1	1	1
USA	AASHTO	1.5–0.7		1.75		1	1.35–1	0.75
India	Serviceability	1		-		1	1	1
	Collapse	1.5		-		1	1.2	1.2
Britain	D1 A	1	1.35	-	1.5	1	-	1
	D1 B	1	1	-	1.3	1	-	1
Canada	CHBDC	-	-	-	-	1.1-0.9	1.25–0.8	0.75

Results of analysis with Indian codes_

Case/Limit state	Hmax (mm)	B.Mmax (kNm)	S.Fmax (kN)	T (kN)
Serviceability	8.13	188.28	112.67	132.3
Collapse	10.68	241.4	152.11	185.8

Results of analysis with Canadian codes_

Case	Hmax (mm)	B.Mmax (kNm)	S.Fmax (kN)	T (kN)
Canada	14.98	232.3	142.31	179.4

Results of analysis with American code_

Case	Hmax (mm)	B.Mmax (kNm)	S.Fmax (kN)	T (kN)
AASHTO	13.32	276.15	152.92	176.1

Factored values applied for calculating loads and resistances_

CODE	Standard/limit state case	Surcharge (kN/m2)		γgw (kN/m2)	Active E.P (kN/m2)		Passive E.P (kN/m2)
		Permanent	Variable		γsat	γusat	γsat	γusat
Europe	D1 A	13.5	75	10	20	19	20	19
	D1 B	10	65	10	20	19	20	19
	D2	13.5	75	10	20	19	14.29	13.57
	D3	13.5	75	10	20	19	20	19
Australia	Strength	15	50	10	25	23.75	16	15.2
	Stability	15	50	10	25	23.75	16	15.2
	Serviceability	7	50	10	20	19	20	19
USA	AASHTO	15	87.5	10	27	25.65	15	14.25
India	Serviceability	10	50	10	20	19	20	19
	Collapse	15	50	10	24	22.8	24	22.8
Britain	D1 A	13.5	75	10	20	19	20	19
	D1 B	10	65	10	20	19	20	19

Partial factors of safety applied on material parameters_

CODE	Standard/limit state case	Cohesion (C)	Angle of internal friction (φ)	Wall specific weight (w)
Europe	D1 A	1	1	1
	D1 B	1.25	1.25	1
	D2	1	1	1
	D3	1.25	1.25	1
Australia	Strength	0.7	0.85	1.25
	Stability	-	-	0.8
	Serviceability	0.85	1	1
USA	AASHTO	-	-	1.25–0.9
India	Serviceability	-	-	1
	Collapse	-	-	1.5
Britain	D1 A	1	1	1
	D1 B	1.25	1.25	1
Canada	CHBDC	-	-	1.2–0.9

Relative percentage increase of parameters_

Case	% variation in H	% variation in BM max	% variationin SF max	% variation in Strut Force (T)
EC- D1 A	0.00	38.20	24.55	14.13
EC- D1 B	161.22	81.29	59.32	74.68
EC- D2	100.91	0.00	77.88	10.51
AUS	85.49	19.12	12.98	24.26
USA	202.04	68.56	35.41	33.11
IND-S	84.35	14.92	0.00	0.00
IND-C	142.18	47.35	34.70	40.44
CAN	239.68	41.79	26.08	35.60

Results of analysis using Australian codes_

Case/Limit state	Hmax (mm)	B.Mmax (kNm)	S.Fmax (kN)	T (kN)
Strength	31.5	334	220	331
Stability	23.5	315	79.57	229
Serviceability	8.18	195.16	127.43	164.4

Factored values of material properties_

CODE	Standard/limit state case	C (kN/m2)	ϕ (deg.)	w (kN/m2)
Europe	D1 A	10	27	20
	D1 B	8	22.17	20
	D2	10	27	20
	D3	8	22.17	20
Australia	Strength	7	23.42	25
	Stability	10	27	16
	Serviceability	8.5	27	20
USA	AASHTO	10	27	25
India	Serviceability	10	27	20
	Collapse	10	27	30
Britain	D1 A	10	27	20
	D1 B	8	22.17	20
Canada	CHBDC	10	27	24

Results of analysis with EC7_

Case	Hmax (mm)	B.Mmax (kNm)	S.Fmax (kN)	T(kN)
D1 A	4.41	226.41	140.58	151.2
D1 B	11.52	297.06	180.1	231.1
D2	8.86	163.83	201.2	146.2