People’s perception of functions of Suraha Tal | Strongly accepted | Moderately accepted | Accepted in weak manner | Not accepted |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fishing is one of important functions of Suraha Tal | 56 | 22 | 18 | 4 |
Water of Suraha Tal is used for irrigation puposes | 57 | 31 | 9 | 3 |
Suraha Tal is also useful for agriculture | 54 | 32 | 8 | 6 |
Aquaculture is popular function in Suraha Tal | 56 | 30 | 10 | 4 |
Suraha Tal is useful for water drainage | 52 | 30 | 8 | 10 |
Suraha Tal controls flood | 50 | 33 | 17 | 10 |
Suraha Tal helps to purify air | 42 | 38 | 12 | 8 |
Water of Suraha Tal is used for household works | 56 | 22 | 18 | 4 |
Suraha Tal is popular tourist destination | 58 | 23 | 17 | 2 |
Suraha tal helps to maintain flora and fauna diversity | 40 | 32 | 31 | 7 |
Mean | 52.1 | 29.3 | 14.8 | 5.8 |
Median | 54 | 30 | 14.8 | 5.8 |
Standard deviation | 5.754122369 | 4.810492005 | 6.393178182 | 2.586679163 |
Activities | Methods |
---|---|
Making checklist of use and non-use values of wetland | Observation of functions, discussions with stakeholders and local communities, review of related literature |
Point out important use and non-use values | Ranking of goods, services and threats by stakeholders and local communities |
Selection of valuation technique | Review of literature related to wetland valuation and selection of most efficient technique |
Questions set up | Preparation of questionnaires for stakeholders, local communities and govt. officials |
Collection of data | Survey (household/govt. offices/tourists), market survey for valuation of goods |
Quantification of values of goods and services | Analysis |
Ecosystem services | Examples |
---|---|
Provisioning services | |
Food | Manufacturing of fish, wild game, fruits and grains |
Fresh water | Storage of water for domestic, industrial and agricultural use |
Fibre and fuel | Production of logs, fuel wood, peat, fodder |
Biochemical | Medicines extraction and other materials from biota |
Genetic materials | Genes for resistance to plant pathogens, ornamental species and so on |
Regulating services | |
Climate regulation | Storages of greenhouse gases; influence local and regional temperature, precipitation, and other climatic processes |
Water regulation | Groundwater extraction rate and recharge |
Water purification and waste water treatment | Retention, recovery and removal of excess nutrients and other pollutants |
Erosion regulation | Retention of soils and sediments |
Natural hazard regulation | Management of flood control, storm protection |
Pollination | Habitat for pollinators |
Cultural services | |
Spiritual and inspirational | Source of inspiration; many religions attach spiritual and religious values to aspects of wetland ecosystems |
Recreational | Opportunities for recreational activities |
Aesthetic | Many people find beauty or aesthetic value in aspects of wetland ecosystems |
Educational | Opportunities for formal and informal education and training |
Supporting services | |
Soil formation | Sediment retention and accumulation of organic matter |
Nutrient cycling | Storage, recycling, processing, and acquisition of nutrients |
WTP | AGE | EDU | FAM | INC | DIS | ENV | LND | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WTP | 1 | 0.42 | 0.95 | 0.31 | 0.84 | 0.34 | 0.75 | 0.82 |
AGE | 0.42 | 1 | 0.72 | −0.34 | 0.68 | −0.22 | −0.18 | 0.82 |
EDU | 0.95 | 0.72 | 1 | −0.25 | 0.86 | −0.64 | 0.21 | 0.75 |
FAM | 0.31 | −0.34 | −0.25 | 1 | 0.76 | 0.66 | 0.81 | 0.92 |
INC | 0.84 | 0.68 | 0.86 | 0.76 | 1 | 0.97 | −0.35 | 0.89 |
DIS | 0.34 | −0.22 | −0.64 | 0.66 | 0.97 | 1 | −0.51 | 0.64 |
ENV | 0.75 | −0.18 | 0.21 | 0.81 | −0.35 | −0.51 | 1 | 0.56 |
LND | 0.52 | 0.82 | 0.75 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.64 | 0.56 | 1 |
Ingredients of water lily | Market price | Production of last year | Total market price |
---|---|---|---|
Water lily flower | INR 20 × kg−1 | 244.75 kg | INR 4,895 |
Water lily root | INR 30 × kg−1 | 326.34 kg | INR 9,790 |
People’s perception | Strongly accepted | Moderately accepted | Accepted in weak manner | Not accepted |
---|---|---|---|---|
Water holding capacity is decreased by sedimentation of Suraha Tal | 45 | 30 | 20 | 5 |
Household sewage increases eutrophication in Suraha Tal | 52 | 30 | 8 | 10 |
Overfishing destroys the fish diversity in Suraha Tal | 42 | 33 | 18 | 7 |
Excessive aquaculture destroys the balance of ecosystem of Suraha Tal | 40 | 32 | 31 | 7 |
Solid waste is dumped in Suraha Tal | 46 | 28 | 19 | 7 |
Agricultural washout decreases water quality | 55 | 25 | 12 | 8 |
Flora and fauna diversity of Suraha Tal is at risk | 32 | 35 | 1 | 20 |
Suraha Tal is shrinking by size | 52 | 28 | 12 | 8 |
Mean | 45.5 | 30.125 | 16.625 | 9 |
Median | 45.5 | 30 | 15.5 | 7.5 |
Standard deviation | 7.55929 | 3.18198 | 7.13017 | 4.65986 |
Ingredients of lotus | Market price | Production of last year | Total price |
---|---|---|---|
Lotus flower | INR 2 × piece−1 | 650,000 flowers | INR 1,300,000 |
Petals | INR 30 × kg−1 | 74 kg | INR 2,220 |
Stamen | INR 200 × kg−1 | 43 kg | INR 8,600 |
Leaf | INR 300 × hundred leaves−1 | 2,700 leaves | INR 8,100 |
Root | INR 25 × kg−1 | 62 kg | INR 1,550 |
Study name | Year of publication (number of observation) |
---|---|
Fish diversity | |
Singh et al. | 2009 (42) |
Swarup and Singh | 1975 (52) |
Singh et al. | 2012 (56) |
Pandey et al. | 2010 (59) |
Lakshman Ram | 1976 (48) |
Srivastava and Srivastava | 2009 (53) |
Water quality | |
Shukla et al. | 2015 (20) |
Pandey et al. | 2015 (20) |
Mishra and Sharma | 2015 (22) |
Mishra et al. | 2015 (24) |
Sharma and Soni | 2013 (96) |
Other faunal diversity | |
Sharma and Agarwal (a) | 2012 (29) |
Sharma and Agarwal (b) | 2012 (20) |
Srivastava and Srivastava | 2012(92) |
Cultural aspects | |
Srivastava and Srivastava | 2012 (7) |
No. | Indicators | Explanation of indicators |
---|---|---|
1 | AGE | Respondent’s age |
2 | EDU | Respondent’s education level |
3 | FAM | Respondent’s family size or number of family members |
4 | INC | Family’s annual income |
5 | DIS | Distance of respondent’s home from Suraha Tal Wetland |
6 | ENV | Whether respondent is part of eco-development community or not |
7 | LND | Family’s total landholding size |
Season | Production of fish | Total market price of fish |
---|---|---|
Pre-monsoon | 2,000 kg | INR 250,000 |
Monsoon | 5,000 kg | INR 2,250,000 |
Post-monsoon | 3,000 kg | INR 750,000 |
Cultivated crops | Production in last year (in kg) | Total profit (INR) |
---|---|---|
Wheat | 242 | 40,522 |
Arahar | 247 | 23,269 |
Peas | 265 | 32,466 |
Maize | 229 | 20,795 |
Gram | 222 | 27,284 |