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Spatial Evolution of the River Valleys under the Influence of Active Volcano: A Case of Merapi Volcanic Plain

Arif Ashari
Arif Ashari
, 
Suhadi Purwantara
Suhadi Purwantara
, 
Nursida Arif
Nursida Arif
 y 
Edi Widodo
Edi Widodo
   | 30 sept 2021
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Publicado en línea: 30 sept 2021
Páginas: 45 - 64
Recibido: 27 mar 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2021-0023
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© 2021 Arif Ashari et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

Study area.
Study area.

Fig. 2

Research procedure.
Research procedure.

Fig. 3

Distribution of palaeochannel in study area.
Distribution of palaeochannel in study area.

Fig. 4

The boxplot for the number of palaeochannels in the study area based on the distance from the present river valley.
The boxplot for the number of palaeochannels in the study area based on the distance from the present river valley.

Fig. 5

The trend of the number of palaeochannels to the distance from the eruption center. (A) Entire area, (B) polynomial type from Batang River, (C) Linear type from Bedog River. Polynomial type indicates a change between increase and no increase in the number of palaeochannels, at each increase of downstream distance. Linear type shows that at each increase of downstream distance, there is an increase in the number of palaeochannels.
The trend of the number of palaeochannels to the distance from the eruption center. (A) Entire area, (B) polynomial type from Batang River, (C) Linear type from Bedog River. Polynomial type indicates a change between increase and no increase in the number of palaeochannels, at each increase of downstream distance. Linear type shows that at each increase of downstream distance, there is an increase in the number of palaeochannels.

Fig. 6

The morphological characteristics of one of the palaeochannels in the Putih River. Above: The field situation (2019) shows a concave morphology (yellow arrow) with a depth of 1 m and base material of lahar deposits (red arrow). Below: plan view on Google Earth image (2019) shows several palaeochannels (yellow lines) around the current Putih River valleys (red lines).
The morphological characteristics of one of the palaeochannels in the Putih River. Above: The field situation (2019) shows a concave morphology (yellow arrow) with a depth of 1 m and base material of lahar deposits (red arrow). Below: plan view on Google Earth image (2019) shows several palaeochannels (yellow lines) around the current Putih River valleys (red lines).

Fig. 7

The influences of topography on palaeochannel distribution in the southwest sector of Merapi volcanic foot. (A) palaeochannel which is deflected from NNE–SSW to ESE–WNW by Gendol Hill (bounded by red lines), located 230 m at the eastern of the Putih River, precisely at the north bank of Gendol Hill with altitude of 359 masl., (B) a non-deflected palaeochannel, NE–SW direction (bounded by red lines), located 400 m from the eastern edge of the Gendol Hills and 304 m at the western of the actual Batang River with altitude of 355 m a.s.l. Yellow arrows show the orientation of the field photograph. Source: Google Earth (2021).
The influences of topography on palaeochannel distribution in the southwest sector of Merapi volcanic foot. (A) palaeochannel which is deflected from NNE–SSW to ESE–WNW by Gendol Hill (bounded by red lines), located 230 m at the eastern of the Putih River, precisely at the north bank of Gendol Hill with altitude of 359 masl., (B) a non-deflected palaeochannel, NE–SW direction (bounded by red lines), located 400 m from the eastern edge of the Gendol Hills and 304 m at the western of the actual Batang River with altitude of 355 m a.s.l. Yellow arrows show the orientation of the field photograph. Source: Google Earth (2021).

The number of palaeochannels based on the distance from the eruption center.

No. River The distance from crater [km] Total
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1 Gendol 0 0 0 4 0 0 2 4 7 3 0 0 9 0 20
2 Kuning 0 0 5 5 1 3 5 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 25
3 Boyong 0 0 0 1 2 6 4 2 2 2 0 1 2 2 24
4 Bedog 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 6 3 4 3 2 23
5 Krasak 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 2 5 2 0 2 10 26
6 Batang 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 0 4 5 17
7 Putih 0 0 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 24
8 Lamat 0 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 12
9 Blongkeng 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 2 2 5 2 2 7 1 29
10 Pabelan 5 2 2 1 1 2 3 4 1 3 8 3 2 14 51
Total 5 11 12 18 8 14 17 20 23 33 18 13 14 35 251

Types of data, data collection techniques and instruments/data sources.

No Data Collection method Instrument/data sources
1 Palaeochannel location Observation GPS, geological compass, digital camera
Documentation Documentation of Indonesian Topographical Map (Peta Rupabumi Indonesia or RBI Map) published by National Coordinator for Survey and Mapping Agency of Indonesia (2000)
Remote sensing image interpretation Quickbird Imagery (2015)
2 Location of actual river valley Observation GPS, geological compass, digital camera
Documentation Documentation of Indonesian Topographical Map (Peta Rupabumi Indonesia)
Remote sensing image interpretation Quickbird Imagery (2015)
3 Morphography and morphometry of the landform at palaeochannel Observation Abney level, digital camera, observation guide
4 Geomorphological process Observation Digital camera, observation guide
5 Rock type Literature study Newhall et al. (2000), Andreastuti et al. (2000), Gertisser et al. (2012)
Observation Geological hammer, geological compass
6 Land use Documentation Documentation of Indonesian Topographical Map (Peta Rupabumi Indonesia)
Observations Digital camera, observation guide

The morphometrical measurement of the palaeochannel in the research area.

River area Depth [m] Width [m] Slope [%]
n Mean Median SD Max Min N Mean Median SD Max Min n Mean Median SD Max Min
Gendol 4 1.25 1.0 0.5 2.0 1.0 4 88.00 67.0 64.02 180 38 4 5.00 5 0.00 5 5
Kuning 5 2.00 2.0 0.71 3.0 1.0 5 69.00 65.0 9.72 83 60 5 4.20 5 1.10 5 3
Boyong 7 1.14 1.0 0.38 2.0 1.0 7 67.43 60.0 25.01 112 44 7 9.86 10 4.26 18 5
Bedog 5 2.00 2.0 1.00 3.0 1.0 5 75.40 87.0 45.81 122 21 5 3.40 3 1.67 5 1
Krasak 11 2.00 2.0 1.20 4.0 0.5 11 169.27 162.0 53.89 277 91 11 3.73 3 1.01 5 3
Batang 7 1.14 1.0 0.63 2.0 0.5 7 96.57 82.0 57.57 179 11 7 2.71 3 0.76 3 1
Putih 8 1.19 1.0 1.16 4.0 0.5 8 66.88 54.5 39.24 155 33 8 3.25 3 0.71 5 3
Lamat 5 1.20 1.0 0.45 2.0 1.0 5 36.40 25.0 26.68 83 19 5 8.80 7 2.49 12 7
Blong keng 4 0.50 0.5 0.00 0.5 0.5 4 65.50 64.0 26.71 96 38 4 3.00 3 0.00 3 3
Pabelan 4 0.88 1.0 0.25 1.0 0.5 4 58.25 55.0 22.02 88 35 4 9.75 10 2.22 12 7
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