<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

This paper presents a study of the impact of clicks, and murmurs on cardiac sound S1, and S2, and the measure of severity degree through synchronization degree between frequencies, using bispectral analysis. The algorithm is applied on three groups of Phonocardiogram (PCG) signal: group A represents PCG signals having a morphology similar to that of the normal PCG signal without click or murmur, group B represents PCG signals with a click (reduced murmur), and group C represent PCG signals with murmurs.
The proposed algorithm permits us to evaluate and quantify the relationship between the two sounds S1 and S2 on one hand and between the two sounds, click and murmur on the other hand. The obtained results show that the clicks and murmurs can affect both the heart sounds, and vice versa. This study shows that the heart works in perfect harmony and that the frequencies of sounds S1, S2, clicks, and murmurs are not accidentally generated; but they are generated by the same generator system. It might also suggest that one of the obtained frequencies causes the others.
The proposed algorithm permits us also to determine the synchronization degree. It shows high values in group C; indicating high severity degrees, low values for group B, and zero in group A.
The algorithm is compared to Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) analysis. Although the STFT can provide correctly the time, it can’t distinguish between the internal components of sounds S1 and S2, which are successfully determined by CWT, which, in turn, cannot find the relationship between them.
The algorithm was also evaluated and compared to the energetic ratio. the obtained results show very satisfactory results and very good discrimination between the three groups.
We can conclude that the three algorithms (STFT, CWT, and bispectral analysis) are complementary to facilitate a good approach and to better understand the cardiac sounds
</abstract>

This paper presents a study of the impact of clicks, and murmurs on cardiac sound S1, and S2, and the measure of severity degree through synchronization degree between frequencies, using bispectral analysis. The algorithm is applied on three groups of Phonocardiogram (PCG) signal: group A represents PCG signals having a morphology similar to that of the normal PCG signal without click or murmur, group B represents PCG signals with a click (reduced murmur), and group C represent PCG signals with murmurs.
The proposed algorithm permits us to evaluate and quantify the relationship between the two sounds S1 and S2 on one hand and between the two sounds, click and murmur on the other hand. The obtained results show that the clicks and murmurs can affect both the heart sounds, and vice versa. This study shows that the heart works in perfect harmony and that the frequencies of sounds S1, S2, clicks, and murmurs are not accidentally generated; but they are generated by the same generator system. It might also suggest that one of the obtained frequencies causes the others.
The proposed algorithm permits us also to determine the synchronization degree. It shows high values in group C; indicating high severity degrees, low values for group B, and zero in group A.
The algorithm is compared to Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) analysis. Although the STFT can provide correctly the time, it can’t distinguish between the internal components of sounds S1 and S2, which are successfully determined by CWT, which, in turn, cannot find the relationship between them.
The algorithm was also evaluated and compared to the energetic ratio. the obtained results show very satisfactory results and very good discrimination between the three groups.
We can conclude that the three algorithms (STFT, CWT, and bispectral analysis) are complementary to facilitate a good approach and to better understand the cardiac sounds

Study of the impact of clicks and murmurs on cardiac sounds S1 and S2 through bispectral analysis

Genie Biomedical Laboratory (GBM), Faculty of Technology

Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

This paper presents a study of the impact of clicks, and murmurs on cardiac sound S1, and S2, and the measure of severity degree through synchronization degree...

Study of the impact of clicks and murmurs on cardiac sounds S1 and S2 through bispectral analysis

Publicado en línea: 18 mar 2021

Páginas: 63 - 72

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pjmpe-2021-0009

Palabras clave
sound S1, sound S2, click, murmur, impact, bispectral, analysis, pathology, severity

© 2021 Yettou Nour El Houda Baakek et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Study of the impact of clicks and murmurs on cardiac sounds S1 and S2 through bispectral analysis

Publicado en línea: 18 mar 2021

Páginas: 63 - 72

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pjmpe-2021-0009

Palabras clavesound S1, sound S2, click, murmur, impact, bispectral, analysis, pathology, severity

© 2021 Yettou Nour El Houda Baakek et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Palabras clave
sound S1, sound S2, click, murmur, impact, bispectral, analysis, pathology, severity