Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as Supporting Tools in the Monitoring and Water Management of Lakes in Poland: A Review
y | 31 mar 2022
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Publicado en línea: 31 mar 2022
Páginas: 1 - 16
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2022-0001
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© 2022 Aleksandra Bielczyńska et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Figure 1
![Scheme of the relationship between tables in the database LAKES 2 [after Kutyła, Pasztaleniec 2013]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64726a82215d2f6c89dc72f2/j_oszn-2022-0001_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20240722T183242Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=18000&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240722%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=3433539f0d85fd929d842013332513d9e43ef4bfdee6b4f550993fc35af59d4f)
Figure 2
![Lake basin visualization: (a) 2D bathymetric plan (b) 3D model [authors’ own elaboration based on data from Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64726a82215d2f6c89dc72f2/j_oszn-2022-0001_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20240722T183242Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=18000&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240722%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=a9205bfb86ef6950d7cf6e20329090c706b839ce6fff467c3d2b7539f9eaf874)
Figure 3
![Scheme of the analysis of the delimitation of the catchment area based on the Digital Terrain Model in GIS systems [after Gudowicz, Zwoliński 2009; modified]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64726a82215d2f6c89dc72f2/j_oszn-2022-0001_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20240722T183242Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=18000&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240722%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=8063ab485350a580c8cf7c8f4ea0755611c604c69712f6d54cce594b280d876f)
Figure 4
![Interpolation of an example parameter using various methods: (a) IDW, (b) kriging, (c) spline [after Wu, Hung 2016]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64726a82215d2f6c89dc72f2/j_oszn-2022-0001_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20240722T183242Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=17999&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240722%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=5a1393bcdb819504f00c60bbbb965dd896bbdaa18808de29858b17cc7989dc5c)
Calculation of lake surface characteristics using GIS tools [after Urbański, Kryla-Straszewska 2010; modified]; N/A – not applicable
| Height above sea level | The location of the lake above sea level (m a.s.l.) | N/A | Digital Terrain Model and a polygon layer with the lake area | Zonal Statistics |
| Area (A) | Water surface area without taking the area of islands into account | N/A | Polygon layer with the lake area | Option calculate geometry area (in the attribute table) |
| Maximum length (l) | The shortest distance between the most distant points of the lake shore when measured along the line, without extending beyond the lake’s boundary | N/A | Polygon layer with the lake area | Requires a Python script |
| Maximum breadth (b) | The greatest distance between opposite shores measured along a line perpendicular to the maximum length of the lake | N/A | Polygon layer with the lake area | Requires a Python script |
| Mean breadth ( |
The ratio of the lake area to the maximum lake length | Polygon layer with the lake area | Requires a Python script that counts l and the calculate option (in the attribute table) | |
| Perimeter (L) | The length of the lake shoreline measured along the 0 isobath | N/A | Polygon layer with the lake area | Option calculate geometry perimeter (in the attribute table) |
| Elongation index (λ) | This parameter gives an overview of the shape of the lake surface. The greater its value, the more elongated the lake is | Polygon layer with the lake area | Requires a Python script that counts l and the calculate option (in the attribute table) | |
| Shoreline development (DL) | This parameter shows how close the shape of the shoreline is to the shape of a circle | Polygon layer with the lake area | Options of calculation several geometric and algebraic parameters (in the attribute table) | |
Calculation of morphometric characteristics related to lake bathymetry using GIS tools [after Urbański, Kryla-Straszewska 2010; modified]; abbreviations – see Table 1, N/A – not applicable
| Volume (V) | Lake volume | Polygon layer with the lake shoreline | Calculation option within the attribute table | |
| Maximum depth (Zm) | Depth at the deepest point of the lake | N/A | Polygon layer with lake shoreline and raster bathymetry map | Zonal Statistics |
| Mean depth ( |
The ratio of the lake’s volume to its area | Polygon layer with lake shoreline and raster bathymetry map | Zonal Statistics | |
| Exposure or openness (Wo) | Indicator that allows assessing the intensity of the impact of external factors on the lake | Calculation option within the attribute table | Calculation option within the attribute table | |
| Relative depth (Zr) | The ratio of the maximum depth to the diameter of a circle equal to the area of the lake, expressed as a percentage | Calculation option within the attribute table | Calculation option within the attribute table | |
| Littoral zone | The percentage of the lake area covered by macrophytes | N/A | Raster bathymetry map | Reclassification of the bathymetric plan into two depth classes depending on the depth of the macrophyte occurrence. Then, calculation of the percentage of the class in the attribute table |