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Numerical simulation of the wave-induced Stokes drift effect on sea surface temperature in the North Pacific

Jingdong Liu
Jingdong Liu
, 
Jian Shi
Jian Shi
 y 
Wenjing Zhang
Wenjing Zhang
   | 10 dic 2019
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Article Category: Research Article
Publicado en línea: 10 dic 2019
Páginas: 381 - 403
Recibido: 06 ene 2019
Aceptado: 07 may 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ohs-2019-0034
© 2019 Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Geographical location of the North Pacific
Geographical location of the North Pacific

Figure 2

Annual averaged significant wave height
Annual averaged significant wave height

Figure 3

Differences between WAVEWATCH III-simulated results and the ECMWF product
Differences between WAVEWATCH III-simulated results and the ECMWF product

Figure 4

Locations of the North Pacific NDBC buoys and TAO buoys
Locations of the North Pacific NDBC buoys and TAO buoys

Figure 5

Distribution of the surface Stokes drift velocity
Distribution of the surface Stokes drift velocity

Figure 6

Comparison of the surface Stokes drift velocities and HYCOM velocities and parameter b (the red curve shows the change in the monthly averaged sea surface Stokes drift velocity with latitude; the black curve shows the change in monthly averaged HYCOM surface ocean velocity with latitude; the blue curve represents the change in the velocity ratio b with latitude)
Comparison of the surface Stokes drift velocities and HYCOM velocities and parameter b (the red curve shows the change in the monthly averaged sea surface Stokes drift velocity with latitude; the black curve shows the change in monthly averaged HYCOM surface ocean velocity with latitude; the blue curve represents the change in the velocity ratio b with latitude)

Figure 7

Distribution of Stokes transport
Distribution of Stokes transport

Figure 8

Ekman-Stokes number variation curve (the curve shows the variation in the latitudinal average Ekman-Stokes number with latitude)
Ekman-Stokes number variation curve (the curve shows the variation in the latitudinal average Ekman-Stokes number with latitude)

Figure 9

Es varies with wind speed and latitude (the black curve shows the zonal average at 15°N with wind speed; the red curve shows the zonal average at 30°N with wind speed; the green curve indicates the zonal average at 45°N with wind speed; the blue curve indicates the zonal average at 60°N with wind speed)
Es varies with wind speed and latitude (the black curve shows the zonal average at 15°N with wind speed; the red curve shows the zonal average at 30°N with wind speed; the green curve indicates the zonal average at 45°N with wind speed; the blue curve indicates the zonal average at 60°N with wind speed)

Figure 10

Langmuir number
Langmuir number

Figure 11

Stokes drift influence depth
Stokes drift influence depth

Figure 12

Differences between SST values simulated without the Stokes drift and OISST data
Differences between SST values simulated without the Stokes drift and OISST data

Figure 13

Optimal value α
Optimal value α

Figure 14

Differences between SST values simulated with the Stokes drift and OISST data
Differences between SST values simulated with the Stokes drift and OISST data

Figure 15

Comparison of simulated and buoy-measured temperature profiles
Comparison of simulated and buoy-measured temperature profiles

Figure 16

Simulated results of different Stokes drift parameterization schemes
Simulated results of different Stokes drift parameterization schemes

The number of buoy values (N)

buoy N buoy N buoy N
51000 8745 46006 8734 TAO1 8756
51003 8747 46070 8740 TAO2 8755
51004 8750 46071 8741 TAO3 8753
52200 8738 51101 8736 TAO4 8751
46001 8735 21413 8739 TAO5 8754
46002 8742 21419 8740 TAO6 8755
46072 8730 52404 8733 TAO7 8753
46075 8743 52401 8739
46005 8737 52402 8736

Comparison of simulated SST and buoy SST

buoy No Stokes drift Stokes drift
RMSD (°C) R SS RMSD (°C) R SS
51000 0.90 0.77 0.73 0.82 0.78 0.74
51003 0.89 0.80 0.77 0.83 0.83 0.81
51004 1.25 0.84 0.79 1.12 0.85 0.80
52200 1.46 0.84 0.82 1.25 0.85 0.83
46001 1.23 0.87 0.86 1.13 0.88 0.88
46002 1.10 0.82 0.78 0.91 0.85 0.82
46072 1.24 0.94 0.88 1.01 0.94 0.90
46075 1.41 0.88 0.85 1.13 0.88 0.87
46005 2.06 0.97 0.95 1.87 0.97 0.96
46006 1.43 0.86 0.81 1.28 0.86 0.85
46070 0.77 0.87 0.82 0.60 0.89 0.83
46071 0.53 0.93 0.89 0.52 0.94 0.93
51101 0.81 0.91 0.86 0.80 0.93 0.89
21413 1.22 0.88 0.83 0.99 0.89 0.84
21419 1.16 0.78 0.77 1.09 0.80 0.78
52404 0.99 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.88 0.88
52401 1.07 0.79 0.77 0.90 0.80 0.77
52402 0.97 0.79 0.74 0.96 0.82 0.76
TAO1 0.65 0.91 0.87 0.52 0.92 0.89
TAO2 0.74 0.87 0.84 0.58 0.88 0.84
TAO3 0.82 0.83 0.78 0.78 0.84 0.80
TAO4 1.12 0.85 0.80 1.02 0.85 0.81
TAO5 1.14 0.90 0.81 0.99 0.94 0.83
TAO6 0.92 0.81 0.92 0.85 0.84 0.95
TAO7 1.21 0.87 0.82 1.03 0.88 0.82
Average 1.08 0.86 0.82 0.95 0.87 0.84

Comparison of simulated values and buoy values

buoy ME (cm) RMSD (cm) R SS
51000 −13.64 21.69 0.84 0.83
51003 −11.11 17.32 0.89 0.84
51004 −9.71 14.39 0.92 0.86
52200 1.03 7.52 0.95 0.91
46001 −3.53 15.38 0.94 0.88
46002 −3.59 20.22 0.88 0.81
46072 12.18 32.19 0.90 0.71
46075 −7.01 12.79 0.93 0.89
46005 −1.39 18.37 0.91 0.80
46006 −6.87 23.52 0.89 0.68
46070 −9.63 18.85 0.91 0.82
46071 3.75 19.33 0.88 0.77
51101 −8.29 21.03 0.93 0.87
21413 −5.63 15.98 0.88 0.84
21419 −10.65 20.81 0.93 0.91
52404 −7.23 23.06 0.85 0.75
52401 −2.00 9.67 0.95 0.90
52402 −3.68 23.52 0.92 0.86

RMSD of experiments E-1, E-2, E-3, and E-4 (°C)

Buoy E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4
51000 0.82 0.86 0.85 0.85
51003 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.83
51004 1.12 1.22 1.24 1.19
52200 1.25 1.35 1.33 1.32
46001 1.13 1.21 1.20 1.15
46002 0.91 1.04 1.02 0.93
46072 1.01 1.19 1.17 1.12
46075 1.13 1.18 1.15 1.20
46005 1.87 1.82 1.80 1.75
46006 1.28 1.39 1.35 1.34
46070 0.60 0.78 0.77 0.65
46071 0.52 0.61 0.64 0.58
51101 0.80 0.90 0.89 0.83
21413 0.99 1.13 1.11 1.08
21419 1.09 1.17 1.16 1.13
52404 0.83 1.03 1.01 0.98
52401 0.90 1.13 1.12 1.10
52402 0.96 1.11 1.09 1.04
TAO1 0.52 0.64 0.62 0.55
TAO2 0.58 0.69 0.67 0.70
TAO3 0.78 0.90 0.88 0.87
TAO4 1.02 1.20 1.19 1.16
TAO5 0.99 1.10 1.09 1.04
TAO6 0.85 0.96 0.95 0.92
TAO7 1.03 1.15 1.14 1.14
Average 0.95 1.06 1.05 1.02

Comparison of simulated subsurface temperature and buoy data

buoy No Stokes drift Stokes drift
RMSD (°C) R SS RMSD (°C) R SS
51000 0.65 0.83 0.72 0.88 0.84 0.81
51003 1.38 0.86 0.80 0.93 0.83 0.77
51004 0.94 0.96 0.83 0.92 0.92 0.92
52200 0.53 0.78 0.80 0.51 0.84 0.85
46001 1.77 0.84 0.76 1.93 0.80 0.79
46002 0.86 0.91 0.91 0.84 0.85 0.87
46072 1.67 0.83 0.87 1.55 0.83 0.85
46075 2.11 0.85 0.80 1.43 0.79 0.86
46005 0.91 0.84 0.74 1.27 0.92 0.83
46006 0.73 0.92 0.83 0.93 0.88 0.85
46070 0.94 0.93 0.94 1.69 0.85 0.78
46071 0.82 0.86 0.84 0.95 0.90 0.86
51101 0.98 0.85 0.87 0.84 0.84 0.91
21413 0.77 0.78 0.91 0.87 0.87 0.87
21419 0.74 0.91 0.88 0.82 0.88 0.90
52404 1.26 0.88 0.83 1.25 0.89 0.78
52401 1.64 0.78 0.81 0.97 0.79 0.81
52402 0.77 0.87 0.93 0.95 0.77 0.89
TAO1 1.74 0.82 0.82 1.34 0.85 0.86
TAO2 0.52 0.95 0.85 0.75 0.86 0.89
TAO3 1.09 0.82 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.91
TAO4 0.66 0.86 0.93 0.69 0.85 0.88
TAO5 0.92 0.90 0.87 0.90 0.86 0.85
TAO6 1.37 0.83 0.78 1.13 0.84 0.81
TAO7 0.81 0.93 0.84 1.03 0.83 0.87
Average 1.06 0.86 0.84 1.05 0.85 0.85
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