Journalists should always adhere to codes of professional ethics, regardless of situation and context | 4.65 (.58) | 4.65 (.60) | 4.65 (.62) | 4.78 (.57) |
What is ethical in journalism depends on the specific situation | 2.52 (.1.45) | 2.62 (1.37) | 2.66 (1.35) | 2.30 (1.36) |
What is ethical in journalism is a matter of personal judgment | 2.30 (1.39) | 2.39 (1.23) | 2.32 (1.19) | 2.15 (1.19) |
It is acceptable to set aside moral standards if extraordinary circumstances require it | 2.04 (1.24) | 1.99 (1.15) | 2.01 (1.12) | 1.88 (1.17) |
Mean of all answers | 2.88 | 2.91 | 2.91 | 2.78 |
Using confidential business or government documents without authorisation | POLJOUR |
POLJOUR |
|
Getting employed in a firm or organisation to gain inside information | OTHERS |
GENREP |
|
Using hidden microphones or cameras | |||
Using re-creations or dramatisations of news by actors | OTHERS |
GENREP |
|
Claiming to be somebody else | OTHERS |
GENREP |
|
Exerting pressure on unwilling informants to get a story | OTHERS |
GENREP |
NEWSSPEC |
Making use of personal documents such as letters and pictures without permission | NEWSSPEC |
||
Publishing stories with unverified content Paying people for confidential information | OTHERS |
GENREP |
|
Altering photographs | |||
Altering or fabricating quotes from sources | |||
Accepting money from sources |
Provide analysis of current affairs | POLJOUR |
POLJOUR |
|
Monitor and scrutinise political leaders | POLJOUR |
POLJOUR |
|
Provide information people need to make political decisions | POLJOUR |
POLJOUR |
POLJOUR |
Report things as they are | OTHERS |
GENREP |
NEWSSPEC |
Be a detached observer | OTHERS |
GENREP |
NEWSSPEC |
Monitor and scrutinise business | |||
Promote tolerance and cultural diversity | OTHERS |
GENREP |
|
Let people express their views | OTHERS |
GENREP |
NEWSSPEC |
Educate the audience | |||
Tell stories about the world | OTHERS |
GENREP |
NEWSSPEC |
Motivate people to participate in political activity | POLJOUR |
POLJOUR |
|
Provide the kind of news that attracts the largest audience | OTHERS |
GENREP |
NEWSSPEC |
Set the political agenda | POLJOUR |
||
Influence public opinion | OTHERS |
GENREP |
NEWSSPEC |
Support national development | OTHERS |
GENREP |
NEWSSPEC |
Provide advice, orientation and direction for daily life | OTHERS |
GENREP |
NEWSSPEC |
Advocate for social change | OTHERS |
GENREP |
NEWSSPEC |
Provide entertainment and relaxation | OTHERS |
GENREP |
NEWSSPEC |
Be an adversary of the government | |||
Convey a positive image of political leadership | |||
Support government policy |
Provide analysis of current affairs | 4.64 (.56) | 4.28 (.80) | 4.26 (.80) | 4.39 (.74) |
Monitor and scrutinise political leaders | 4.61 (.61) | 3.69 (1.31) | 3.88 (1.16) | 4.39 (.80) |
Provide information people need to make political decisions | 4.51 (.78) | 3.57 (1.26) | 3.80 (1.09) | 4.17 (.74) |
Report things as they are | 4.41 (.71) | 4.56 (.73) | 4.57 (.74) | 4.68 (.52) |
Be a detached observer | 4.23 (.77) | 4.51 (.74) | 4.54 (.76) | 4.56 (.63) |
Monitor and scrutinise business | 3.79 (1.12) | 3.53 (1.25) | 3.65 (1.15) | 3.98 (.99) |
Promote tolerance and cultural diversity | 3.64 (.99) | 3.92 (1.02) | 4.06 (.95) | 3.98 (.85) |
Let people express their views | 3.55 (1.03) | 3.84 (1.02) | 3.99 (.94) | 4.12 (.75) |
Educate the audience | 3.48 (.95) | 3.45 (.99) | 3.36 (.98) | 3.43 (.98) |
Tell stories about the world | 3.45 (.99) | 4.13 (.85) | 4.10 (.83) | 4.07 (.66) |
Motivate people to participate in political activity | 3.33 (1.08) | 2.53 (1.13) | 2.66 (1.12) | 3.00 (.98) |
Provide the kind of news that attracts the largest audience | 2.96 (1.05) | 3.34 (1.01) | 3.39 (.95) | 3.56 (1.00) |
Set the political agenda | 2.69 (1.09) | 2.34 (1.04) | 2.44 (1.03) | 2.45 (.93) |
Influence public opinion | 2.59 (.96) | 3.09 (.98) | 3.05 (1.00) | 3.03 (.96) |
Support national development | 2.56 (1.07) | 2.93 (1.02) | 2.95 (.98) | 3.05 (1.19) |
Provide advice, orientation and direction for daily life | 2.46 (.93) | 3.26 (1.01) | 3.28 (.87) | 3.32 (.99) |
Advocate for social change | 2.37 (1.01) | 2.95 (1.03) | 2.97 (1.09) | 3.00 (.93) |
Provide entertainment and relaxation | 2.27 (.96) | 3.02 (1.08) | 3.00 (1.01) | 2.98 (.97) |
Be an adversary of the government | 2.25 (1.10) | 2.05 (1.06) | 2.11 (1.08) | 2.27 (.99) |
Convey a positive image of political leadership | 1.35 (.64) | 1.23 (.53) | 1.26 (.57) | 1.22 (.42) |
Support government policy | 1.13 (.41) | 1.20 (.45) | 1.22 (.47) | 1.23 (.53) |
Mean of all answers | 3.17 | 3.22 | 3.27 | 3.38 |
Using confidential business or government documents without authorisation | 1.90 (.47) | 2.06 (.52) | 2.08 (.51) | 1.98 (.52) |
Getting employed in a firm or organisation to gain inside information | 2.30 (.49) | 2.13 (.55) | 2.10 (.54) | 2.15 (.53) |
Using hidden microphones or cameras | 2.32 (.47) | 2.27 (.52) | 2.25 (.52) | 2.22 (.48) |
Using re-creations or dramatisations of news by actors | 2.32 (.59) | 2.04 (.62) | 1.99 (.58) | 2.08 (.63) |
Claiming to be somebody else | 2.49 (.50) | 2.32 (.52) | 2.29 (.50) | 2.40 (.50) |
Exerting pressure on unwilling informants to get a story | 2.53 (.50) | 2.25 (.63) | 2.20 (.65) | 2.20 (.60) |
Making use of personal documents such as letters and pictures without permission | 2.59 (.50) | 2.69 (.48) | 2.65 (.51) | 2.79 (.41) |
Publishing stories with unverified content | 2.64 (.48) | 2.53 (.55) | 2.54 (.54) | 2.60 (.50) |
Paying people for confidential information | 2.73 (.45) | 2.56 (.52) | 2.57 (.53) | 2.58 (.55) |
Altering photographs | 2.82 (.39) | 2.73 (.47) | 2.68 (.50) | 2.80 (.41) |
Altering or fabricating quotes from sources | 2.97 (.16) | 2.97 (.22) | 2.97 (.23) | 3.00 (.00) |
Accepting money from sources | 3.00 (.00) | 2.99 (.15) | 2.98 (.21) | 3.00 (.00) |
Mean of all answers | 2.55 | 2.47 | 2.48 | 2.48 |
Number of respondents | 80 | 345 |
Data collection period | Dec. 2013 – Oct. 2014 | Mar. 2013 – Aug. 2013 |
Data collection method | Online | Phone/email |
Response rate (%) | 61 | 50–55 |
Average age of respondents (years) | 51 | 43 |
Gender distribution in sample (W/M; %) | 36/64 | 55/45 |