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Gender inequality in the Nordic film industry: Exploring above-the-line positions in film production

Skadi Loist

Skadi Loist

Film University Babelsberg Konrad WolfGermany
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Loist, Skadi
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Martha Emilie Ehrich

Martha Emilie Ehrich

Film University Babelsberg Konrad WolfGermany
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Ehrich, Martha Emilie
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Sophie Radziwill

Sophie Radziwill

Institute for Media Research, University of RostockGermany
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Radziwill, Sophie
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Elizabeth Prommer

Elizabeth Prommer

Institute for Media Research, University of RostockGermany
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Prommer, Elizabeth
  
02 sept 2024
Gender inequality in the Nordic film industry: Exploring above-the-line positions in film production's Cover Image
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Publicado en línea: 02 sept 2024
Páginas: 110 - 135
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/njms-2024-0006
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© 2024 Skadi Loist et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

FIGURE 1

Number of films released and creative positions in the film industry by country, 2010–2020
Number of films released and creative positions in the film industry by country, 2010–2020

FIGURE 2

Share of women and men in key creative positions by country (per cent)Comments: For comparative reasons, the calculated mean in share of women and men in directing, writing, and producing for 19 Eurimages countries was included from the GEP Analysis project (see Appendix 2). The first three people listed each as directors and writers were coded, and the first four people listed as producers. Average for release years between 2010 and 2020.
Share of women and men in key creative positions by country (per cent)Comments: For comparative reasons, the calculated mean in share of women and men in directing, writing, and producing for 19 Eurimages countries was included from the GEP Analysis project (see Appendix 2). The first three people listed each as directors and writers were coded, and the first four people listed as producers. Average for release years between 2010 and 2020.

FIGURE 3

Share of women in directing, writing, and producing by country (per cent)Comments: The share of women in directing, writing, and producing positions was calculated for all five Nordic countries. The first three people listed each as directors and writers were coded, and the first four people listed as producers. Average for release years between 2010 and 2020.
Share of women in directing, writing, and producing by country (per cent)Comments: The share of women in directing, writing, and producing positions was calculated for all five Nordic countries. The first three people listed each as directors and writers were coded, and the first four people listed as producers. Average for release years between 2010 and 2020.

FIGURE 4

Gender of directing positions by country (per cent)Comments: Percentage of gendered directing positions for Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and overall Nordic mean, grouped by release years 2010–2015 and 2016–2020.
Gender of directing positions by country (per cent)Comments: Percentage of gendered directing positions for Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and overall Nordic mean, grouped by release years 2010–2015 and 2016–2020.

FIGURE 5

Gender of writing positions by country (per cent)Comments: Percentage of gendered writing positions for Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and overall Nordic mean, grouped by release years 2010–2015 and 2016–2020.
Gender of writing positions by country (per cent)Comments: Percentage of gendered writing positions for Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and overall Nordic mean, grouped by release years 2010–2015 and 2016–2020.

FIGURE 6

Gender of producing positions by country (per cent)Comments: Percentage of gendered producing positions for Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and overall Nordic mean, grouped by release years 2010–2015 and 2016–2020.
Gender of producing positions by country (per cent)Comments: Percentage of gendered producing positions for Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and overall Nordic mean, grouped by release years 2010–2015 and 2016–2020.

FIGURE A1

Team sizes in key creative positions in the Nordic countries (per cent)Comments: Share of team sizes (one, two, or three and more) within the key creative positions of directing, writing, and producing for the sample of films released between 2010 and 2020 in Denmnark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden.
Team sizes in key creative positions in the Nordic countries (per cent)Comments: Share of team sizes (one, two, or three and more) within the key creative positions of directing, writing, and producing for the sample of films released between 2010 and 2020 in Denmnark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden.

FIGURE A2

Gender representation in Eurimages film industries (per cent)Comments: Share of women and men in key creative positions (averaged for all years) in 19 Eurimages countries with an output of 11,099 films and 50,173 key creative positions. Calculated for all Eurimages film industries with at least ten films released per year in 90 per cent of all years from 2010 and 2020.
Gender representation in Eurimages film industries (per cent)Comments: Share of women and men in key creative positions (averaged for all years) in 19 Eurimages countries with an output of 11,099 films and 50,173 key creative positions. Calculated for all Eurimages film industries with at least ten films released per year in 90 per cent of all years from 2010 and 2020.

FIGURE A3

Ranking of Eurimages countries according to the proportion of women in middle and senior management positions, 2000–2020 (average per cent)
Ranking of Eurimages countries according to the proportion of women in middle and senior management positions, 2000–2020 (average per cent)

Variables to trace numerical representation of women and men in key creative positions

Directing Writing Producing
Film A M W W M M W
Gender of positions Man Team women Mixed-gender team
Share of men in each key creative position (%) 100 0 66.7
At least 50% of each key creative position is held by women 0 1 0

Regression models per dependent variable and country

Country Dependent variable Independent variables
Model 1 Denmark At least 50% of directing positions held by women

Macro-level variables

Co-production (binary)

Size team (categorised)

Share of men in producing positions
Finland
Iceland
Norway
Sweden
Model 2 Denmark At least 50% of writing positions held by women

Macro-level variables

Co-production (binary)

Size team (categorised)

Share of men in producing positions
Finland
Iceland
Norway
Sweden
Model 3 Denmark At least 50% of producing positions held by women

Macro-level variables

Co-production (binary)

Size team (categorised)
Finland
Iceland
Norway
Sweden

Logistic regression analyses

Dependent variable Country Macro-level factors Film-level factors
proportion of women in senior and middle management positions proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments Co-production (binary) Size team (metric) Share of producing positions held by men
At least 50% of directing positions held by women Denmark .994 1.051 .869 .948 .991*
Finland 1.003 1.009 .847 .643 .986***
Iceland .940 .639 1.536 1.471 .961**
Norway .883 .901 1.020 .892 .983***
Sweden 1.376* .839 1.180 .923 .995
At least 50% of writing positions held by women Denmark 1.000 .897 .764 .995 .992*
Finland 1.206* 1.009 1.184 1.194 .985***
Iceland .939 .788 .992 1.356 .970**
Norway .982 .728 .642 .882 .986***
Sweden 1.138 1.007 1.805 1.070 .989***
At least 50% of producing positions held by women Denmark 1.010 1.155 1.943* .819 –
Finland 1.163 .916 .724 .575 –
Iceland 1.068 .935 1.395 .936 –
Norway .957 1.330 .822 1.047 –
Sweden 1.030 .986 1.623 .829* –

Frequency of gendered structure of key creative teams (per cent)

Directing Writing Producing
No women 76.6 68.4 53.9
One woman and multiple men 0.3 2.9 5.1
Gender parity 1.8 9.3 15.5
Multiple women and one man 0.0 0.9 2.4
Only women 21.3 18.5 23.0
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