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Wartanian glacial sediments: insights into deglaciation of Polish Lowlands and Highlands border for geotourism

Maria Górska-Zabielska

Maria Górska-Zabielska

Institute of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University in KielceKielce, Poland
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Górska-Zabielska, Maria
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Lucyna Wachecka-Kotkowska

Lucyna Wachecka-Kotkowska

Department of Geology and Geomorphology, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, University of ŁódźŁódź, Poland
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Wachecka-Kotkowska, Lucyna
  
30 abr 2024
Wartanian glacial sediments: insights into deglaciation of Polish Lowlands and Highlands border for geotourism's Cover Image
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Publicado en línea: 30 abr 2024
Páginas: 87 - 99
Recibido: 18 dic 2023
Aceptado: 30 abr 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2023-0034
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© 2024 Maria Górska-Zabielska et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Location of study sites within the transition zone between the Polish Uplands and the European Plain in the central part of Poland. A: The sites belonging to the marginal zone of the Wartanian stadial of the Odranian glaciation (MIS6a). B: 1 – area above 200 m a.s.l.; 2 – lobes of the Wartanian ice sheet acc. to Turkowska (2006), changed; 3 – direction of the ice movement (acc. to Wachecka-Kotkowska 2015b); 4 – rivers; 5 – study area with investigated sitesSource: own elaboration
Location of study sites within the transition zone between the Polish Uplands and the European Plain in the central part of Poland. A: The sites belonging to the marginal zone of the Wartanian stadial of the Odranian glaciation (MIS6a). B: 1 – area above 200 m a.s.l.; 2 – lobes of the Wartanian ice sheet acc. to Turkowska (2006), changed; 3 – direction of the ice movement (acc. to Wachecka-Kotkowska 2015b); 4 – rivers; 5 – study area with investigated sitesSource: own elaboration

Figure 2.

Schematic profile of the lithology in five outcrops with sedimentary structures according to own elaboration (LWK) based on Wachecka-Kotkowska (2015a) and marked sampling sites for analysis of erratic gravels and erratic boulders. 1 – massive diamicton; stratified diamicton (Dm); 2 – matrix supported and clast poor (Ds); 3 – horizontally laminated fines (Fh); 4 – wavy laminated sand with fines (SFw); 5 – wavy laminated sand (Sw); 6 – ribbon cross-laminated sand (Sr); 7 – horizontally stratified sand/laminated fines (Sh/SFh); 8 – horizontally stratified sand (Sh); 9 – massive sand (Sm); 10 – sand low-angle (<15°) cross-stratification (Sl); 11 – planar cross-stratified gravelly sand/gravelly sand (Sp/SGp); 12 – trough cross-stratified sand (St); 13 – horizontally stratified sandy gravel (SGh); 14 – massive gravelly sand (GSm); 15 – massive sandy gravel (SGm); 16 – normal/inverted sequence fractional grain size; 17 – continuous deformations of various types; 18 – local erosion surface; 19 – regional erosion surface; 20 – rhythmite
Schematic profile of the lithology in five outcrops with sedimentary structures according to own elaboration (LWK) based on Wachecka-Kotkowska (2015a) and marked sampling sites for analysis of erratic gravels and erratic boulders. 1 – massive diamicton; stratified diamicton (Dm); 2 – matrix supported and clast poor (Ds); 3 – horizontally laminated fines (Fh); 4 – wavy laminated sand with fines (SFw); 5 – wavy laminated sand (Sw); 6 – ribbon cross-laminated sand (Sr); 7 – horizontally stratified sand/laminated fines (Sh/SFh); 8 – horizontally stratified sand (Sh); 9 – massive sand (Sm); 10 – sand low-angle (<15°) cross-stratification (Sl); 11 – planar cross-stratified gravelly sand/gravelly sand (Sp/SGp); 12 – trough cross-stratified sand (St); 13 – horizontally stratified sandy gravel (SGh); 14 – massive gravelly sand (GSm); 15 – massive sandy gravel (SGm); 16 – normal/inverted sequence fractional grain size; 17 – continuous deformations of various types; 18 – local erosion surface; 19 – regional erosion surface; 20 – rhythmite

Figure 3.

Parent locations of seven indicator erratic boulders presented in this paper, against other primary Scandinavian feeding areas. The relevant numbers are listed in Table 2Source: drawn by Małgorzata Gościńska-Kolanko
Parent locations of seven indicator erratic boulders presented in this paper, against other primary Scandinavian feeding areas. The relevant numbers are listed in Table 2Source: drawn by Małgorzata Gościńska-Kolanko

Figure 4.

Masłowice, well-reworked rapakivi Åland granite; erratic boulder 1 in Table 2.Source: photograph by Maria Górska-Zabielska
Masłowice, well-reworked rapakivi Åland granite; erratic boulder 1 in Table 2.Source: photograph by Maria Górska-Zabielska

Figure 5.

Masłowice, close-up of the rapakivi structure in Åland graniteSource: photograph by Maria Górska-Zabielska
Masłowice, close-up of the rapakivi structure in Åland graniteSource: photograph by Maria Górska-Zabielska

Figure 6.

Ochotnik, close-up of the Småland granite.Source: photograph by Maria Górska-Zabielska
Ochotnik, close-up of the Småland granite.Source: photograph by Maria Górska-Zabielska

Figure 7.

Ochotnik, Småland granite with well-rounded edges, glacial polish in places, corrosion microrelief; erratic boulder 2 in Table 2.Source: photograph by Maria Górska-Zabielska
Ochotnik, Småland granite with well-rounded edges, glacial polish in places, corrosion microrelief; erratic boulder 2 in Table 2.Source: photograph by Maria Górska-Zabielska

Fig. 8.

Ochotnik, granite-gneiss is a ventifact with a clearly visible corroded facete on the upper surface of the rock; erratic boulder 3 in Table 2.Source: photograph by Maria Górska-Zabielska
Ochotnik, granite-gneiss is a ventifact with a clearly visible corroded facete on the upper surface of the rock; erratic boulder 3 in Table 2.Source: photograph by Maria Górska-Zabielska

Figure 9.

Example of the same Åland granite with surfaces representing different states of preservation: A – fresh surface, B – eolised surface; the scale is the same for both figures.Source: photographs by Maria Górska-Zabielska
Example of the same Åland granite with surfaces representing different states of preservation: A – fresh surface, B – eolised surface; the scale is the same for both figures.Source: photographs by Maria Górska-Zabielska

Figure 10.

Model of transgression of the Wartanian ice sheet in Central Poland and stagnation on the northern slopes of the highlandsSource: own elaboration
Model of transgression of the Wartanian ice sheet in Central Poland and stagnation on the northern slopes of the highlandsSource: own elaboration

The main characteristics of the erratic boulders, found in the study sites and their immediate vicinity

No. Length [m] Width [m] Height [m] Circuit [m] Volume [m3]* Weight [t]* Petrographic type and kind of erratic; Fig. no. Specific morphological characteristics; other information
1 1.65 1.0 0.8 4.6 0.69 1.90 Åland rapakivi; Figs. 5–6 near Masłowice
2 1.7 1.05 0.9 4.75 0.84 2.31 Småland granite; Figs. 7–8 glacial polish, spur outline, corrasive microrelief, eolian cut, Ochotnik
3 1.3 1.1 0.5 4.1 0.37 1.03 granite-gneiss; Fig. 9 Ochotnik – Kalinki
4 1.35 1.2 1.1 3.75 0.93 2.56 red granite with pegmatite vein Kraszewice (4 km to the S of Masłowice), a boulder cracked on the surface of the vein, weathered
5 0.95 0.75 0.48 3.2 0.18 0.49 granite Wierzchlas (14 km to the E of Masłowice)
6 1.4 1.1 0.75 4.05 0.60 1.66 fine crystalline granite
7 1.4 1.4 0.4 4.5 0.41 1.13 fine crystalline granite with pegmatite vein
8 1.35 0.95 0.75 4.2 0.50 1.38 Småland granite, gneissed
9 1.15 1.1 0.75 3.75 0.50 1.36 Åland rapakivi mossy, covered with lichen, Wierzchlas (location as above)
10 1.7 0.75 0.7 4.05 0.47 1.28 granite with pegmatite veins Sokola Góra (8 km to the SSE of Masłowice)
11 1.2 0.85 0.55 3.4 0.29 0.81 Åland granite with pegmatite vein the only boulder in situ! measurements of the part of the boulder above the ground, Sokola Góra (location as above)
12 1.4 1.3 0.7 4.75 0.67 1.83 fine crystalline granite, Åland rapakivi corrasive microrelief, Sokola Góra (location as above)
13 1.38 0.95 0.55 3.75 0.38 1.04 red coarse crystalline granite with pegmatite vein
14 1.85 1.6 0.55 5.3 0.85 2.34 coarse crystalline Åland quartz granite corrasive microrelief, glacial polish, Pratkowice (8 km to the SSE of Masłowice)

Percentage of petrographic types of 4–10 mm gravel in the study area

Rzejowice Ochotnik 1 Ochotnik 2 Masłowice Miejskie Pola 1 Miejskie Pola 2 Stobiecko Szlacheckie 1 Stobiecko Szlacheckie 2 Stobiecko Szlacheckie 3
Outwash plain Till plateau Morainic hill Kame Terminoglacial fan, sedimentological edge of ice-sheet
%
Kr 57.4 37.2 37.5 89.3 38.6 34.8 86.0 36.9 33.2
Wp1 0.0 51.4 54.7 0.0 49.7 51.4 0.0 52.5 58.5
Wp2 0.0 0.3 0.9 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.0 2.7 1.2
Wk 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Dp 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Pp 25.9 5.1 6.0 8.2 8.9 11.9 12.9 4.8 5.0
Łp 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Krz 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
L 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Qp 12.0 1.1 0.9 2.5 2.1 0.9 1.1 2.9 1.7
Qml 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4
in. 0.4 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
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