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Discovering the factors driving regional competitiveness in the face of climate change

Agnieszka Karman
Agnieszka Karman
, 
Andrzej Miszczuk
Andrzej Miszczuk
 y 
Urszula Bronisz
Urszula Bronisz
   | 30 abr 2023
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Publicado en línea: 30 abr 2023
Páginas: 75 - 91
Recibido: 27 nov 2022
Aceptado: 30 abr 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2023-0009
Palabras clave
© 2023 Agnieszka Karman et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1.

Research model Source: Own elaboration
Research model Source: Own elaboration

Figure 2.

Spatial distribution of the RCCCI index Source: Karman et al. (2022)
Spatial distribution of the RCCCI index Source: Karman et al. (2022)

Figure 3.

Research procedure Source: Own elaboration
Research procedure Source: Own elaboration

Figure 4.

The scatter plot for linearity Source: Own elaboration
The scatter plot for linearity Source: Own elaboration

Figure 5.

The P–P plot of normality test Source: Own elaboration
The P–P plot of normality test Source: Own elaboration

Breusch-Pagan test

Variable BP statistic value P-value
RCCCI 13.069 0.022**

Local estimated parameters

Parameter Min Max Average
Intercept 11.08 12.32 11.98
β1 −0.51 0.23 −0.28
β2 −2.24 1.90 −0.35
β3 −1.90 1.15 −0.13
β5 0.076 0.173 0.132
β6 0.207 0.249 0.228
β7 0.337 0.635 0.418
β9 0.182 0.496 0.361
β10 0.095 0.342 0.211
β11 0.006 0.07 0.033
β12 −0.374 0.110 −0.096
β13 −0.073 0.030 −0.019
β15 −0.037 0.025 −0.058
β16 −1.159 1.06 −0.182
β18 0.080 0.216 0.147
β19 0.104 0.358 0.279

Correlation analysis results

RCCCI D ES ECO2 FI AFI RDE VA PUB BAN EB TRY PAR MD P M U DIG MAN ATE
RCCCI 1.00 −0.21 −0.52 −0.04 −0.36 −0.08 0.55 0.49 0.63 0.84 −0.11 0.13 −0.28 −0.37 0.46 0.37 0.01 0.94 0.90 0.50
D −0.21 1.00 −0.06 −0.08 0.04 −0.02 0.22 −0.29 −0.11 0.10 0.06 −0.01 −0.34 −0.19 0.03 −0.16 −0.17 −0.12 −0.03 0.08
ES −0.53 −0.06 1.00 0.59 0.20 0.44 −0.21 0.05 −0.31 −0.55 0.20 0.02 0.33 0.47 −0.11 −0.04 0.59 −0.57 −0.62 −0.38
ECO2 −0.04 −0.08 0.59 1.00 0.18 0.19 0.23 0.48 0.10 −0.00 0.21 0.06 0.13 0.32 0.36 0.28 0.84 0.01 −0.04 0.01
FI −0.36 0.04 0.20 0.18 1.00 −0.33 −0.16 −0.03 −0.15 −0.28 0.15 −0.16 0.30 0.36 −0.22 −0.08 0.25 −0.34 −0.29 −0.01
AFI −0.08 −0.02 0.44 0.19 −0.33 1.00 −0.12 −0.14 −0.30 0.01 0.44 0.48 −0.27 −0.15 −0.02 −0.02 0.07 −0.02 −0.15 −0.21
RDE 0.55 0.22 −0.21 0.23 −0.16 −0.12 1.00 0.44 0.53 0.52 −0.16 −0.04 −0.43 −0.32 0.55 0.30 0.17 0.48 0.56 0.51
VA 0.49 −0.25 0.05 0.48 −0.03 −0.14 0.44 1.00 0.62 0.27 −0.09 −0.20 −0.01 0.11 0.48 0.45 0.60 0.32 0.35 0.10
PUB 0.63 −0.11 −0.31 0.10 −0.15 −0.30 0.53 0.62 1.00 0.37 −0.40 −0.10 −0.15 −0.17 0.43 0.36 0.23 0.47 0.53 0.35
BAN 0.84 0.10 −0.55 −0.00 −0.28 0.01 0.52 0.27 0.37 1.00 0.13 0.25 −0.36 −0.37 0.42 0.16 −0.11 0.92 0.89 0.53
EB −0.11 0.06 0.20 0.21 0.15 0.44 −0.16 −0.09 −0.40 0.13 1.00 0.32 −0.02 0.19 0.11 0.02 0.18 0.06 −0.08 0.15
TRY 0.13 −0.00 0.02 0.06 −0.16 0.48 −0.04 −0.20 −0.10 0.25 0.32 1.00 −0.13 −0.12 −0.05 0.03 0.01 0.21 0.06 0.14
PAR −0.28 −0.34 0.33 0.13 0.30 −0.27 −0.43 −0.01 −0.15 −0.36 −0.02 −0.13 1.00 0.73 −0.27 −0.19 0.20 −0.28 −0.32 −0.28
MD −0.37 −0.19 0.47 0.32 0.36 −0.15 −0.32 0.11 −0.17 −0.37 0.19 −0.12 0.73 1.00 −0.12 −0.06 0.41 −0.40 −0.37 −0.24
P 0.46 0.03 −0.11 0.36 −0.22 −0.02 0.55 0.48 0.43 0.42 0.11 −0.05 −0.27 −0.12 1.00 0.46 0.37 0.38 0.48 0.22
M 0.37 −0.16 −0.04 0.28 −0.08 −0.02 0.30 0.45 0.36 0.16 0.02 0.03 −0.19 −0.06 0.46 1.00 0.36 0.24 0.33 0.15
U 0.01 −0.17 0.59 0.84 0.25 0.07 0.17 0.60 0.23 −0.11 0.18 0.01 0.20 0.41 0.37 0.36 1.00 −0.09 −0.07 0.04
DIG 0.94 −0.12 −0.57 0.00 −0.34 −0.02 0.48 0.32 0.47 0.92 0.06 0.21 −0.28 −0.40 0.38 0.24 −0.09 1.00 0.91 0.58
MAN 0.90 −0.03 −0.62 −0.04 −0.29 −0.15 0.56 0.35 0.53 0.89 −0.08 0.06 −0.32 −0.37 0.48 0.33 −0.07 0.91 1.00 0.48
ATE 0.50 0.08 −0.38 0.01 −0.01 −0.21 0.51 0.10 0.35 0.53 0.15 0.14 −0.28 −0.24 0.22 0.15 0.04 0.58 0.48 1.00

The Breusch-Pagan Test combination for the determination of variables

Variable BP test P-value Note
Y dengan X1 (D) 28.21 0.03* Local
Y dengan X2 (ECO2) 139.01 0.00* Local
Y dengan X3 (ES) 64.18 0.00* Local
Y dengan X4 (FI) 0.61 0.89 Global
Y dengan X5 (AFI) 18.90 0.03* Local
Y dengan X6 (RDE) 26.08 0.03* Local
Y dengan X7 (VA) 37.65 0.02* Local
Y dengan X8 (PUB) 1.56 0.35 Global
Y dengan X9 (BAN) 44.72 0.01* Local
Y dengan X10 (EB) 25.25 0.02* Local
Y dengan X11 (TRY) 20.56 0.00* Local
Y dengan X12 (PAR) 16.30 0.00* Local
Y dengan X13 (MD) 14.78 0.05* Local
Y dengan X14 (M) 3.74 0.18 Global
Y dengan X15 (P) 14.23 0.00* Local
Y dengan X16 (U) 36.83 0.00* Local
Y dengan X17 (MAN) 3.84 0.32 Global
Y dengan X18 (ATE) 40.98 0.00* Local
Y dengan X19 (DIG) 20.23 0.05* Local

Model summary

b* SE z b* B std T p
Intercept −0.092 0.007 −12.506 0.000
X1 (D) −0.080 0.015 −0.125 −5.347 0.000
X2 (ECO2) −0.137 0.013 −0.140 −8.379 0.000
X7 (VA) 0.066 0.012 0.164 5.688 0.000
X8 (PUB) 0.026 0.011 0.077 2.284 0.025
X10 (EB) 0.081 0.009 0.217 8.863 0.000
X12 (PAR) −0.036 0.007 −0.116 −4.862 0.000
X14 (M) 0.018 0.009 0.049 2.045 0.044
X19 (DIG) 0.227 0.008 0.770 30.003 0.000

PCA analysis results

Variable Strength R2 Variable Strength R2
ES 0.681 0.467 VA 0.773 0.406
ECO2 0.670 RDE 0.521
D 0.011 FI 0.312
BAN 0.763 0.616 AFI 0.106
PUB 0.551 PAR 0.910 0.440
EB 0.174 MD 0.852
TRY 0.162 P 0.718
DIG 0.841 0.730 M 0.032
MAN 0.811 U 0.008
ATE 0.575

Results of best subset regression

Cluster Regions Variables AIC Cp Mallows R2
Low SK, LV, PL, BG, EL, HU, RO All variables except M −711.649 - 0.9
Middle–low UK, FR, AT, IT, ES, PT, CZ, MT D, ECO2, AFI, RDE, VA, PUB, BAN, EB, TRY, PAR, MD, P, M, U, ATE - - 0.9
Middle–high SE, DE, DK, FIN, UK, BE, NL D, ES, FI, RDE, BAN, EB, PAR, U, M, MAN, ATE −166.624 10.5 0.87
High SE, NL, DE ECO2, BAN, U, ATE −129.501 −3.652 0.74

Descriptive statistics

Variable N-significant Mean Minimum Maximum Variance St. dev. Skewness Kurtosis
RCCCI 281 0.01 −0.8 0.6 9.76E−02 0.31 −0.457 −0.775
D 233 2412.10 94.7 5717.4 7.09E+05 842.19 0.055 1.457
ES 240 15.96 0.0 129.6 3.88E+02 19.70 2.494 7.555
ECO2 270 14425.60 2.0 88498.3 2.18E+08 14767.67 2.376 7.168
FI 273 4.22 0.0 34.9 3.05E+01 5.53 2.966 11.064
AFI 278 0.81 0.5 1.5 3.91E−02 0.20 0.617 0.557
RDE 208 0.34 0.0 1.0 6.84E−02 0.26 0.953 0.196
VA 240 53109.92 1178.4 674282.8 4.51E+09 67168.07 4.424 32.094
PUB 209 0.55 0.1 1.0 5.74E−02 0.24 0.171 −0.777
BAN 281 62.06 11.3 95.0 3.59E+02 18.96 −0.731 0.373
EB 170 10.26 5.2 19.9 7.38E+00 2.72 0.384 0.595
TRY 262 2.90 2.2 4.3 6.38E−02 0.25 0.448 3.485
PAR 195 21.39 7.9 49.7 7.31E+01 8.55 1.176 0.909
MD 156 6.80 0.5 25.8 3.88E+01 6.23 1.495 1.390
P 281 489.36 3.3 11509.1 1.66E+06 1289.34 5.669 38.089
M 270 4650.19 −64908.0 48975.0 9.80E+07 9900.16 −0.172 10.768
U 280 806.32 14.0 5253.2 4.40E+05 663.49 2.610 10.968
DIG 194 0.53 0.0 1.0 6.12E−02 0.25 −0.036 −0.785
MAN 160 0.35 0.1 0.5 1.02E−02 0.10 −0.422 −1.088
ATE 260 0.65 0.5 1.5 3.14E−02 0.18 2.411 7.015

Multicollinearity results

Indicator Tolerance VIF
D 0.462 2.163
ES 0.116 8.642
ECO2 0.166 6.029
FI 0.460 2.172
AFI 0.165 6.051
RDE 0.266 3.763
VA 0.189 5.281
PUB 0.279 3.588
BAN 0.057 17.621
EB 0.274 3.653
TRY 0.470 2.127
PAR 0.217 4.604
MD 0.244 4.096
P 0.339 2.947
M 0.537 1.862
U 0.102 9.831
DIG 0.033 30.705
MAN 0.061 16.413
ATE 0.241 4.150

j.mgrsd-2023-0009.tab.011

I Z p-value
EB 0.22 4.12 0.00
ECO2 0.19 4.08 0.02
ES 0.21 4.10 0.04
FI 0.24 5.07 0.01
AFI 0.36 6.43 0.00
RDE 0.18 3.55 0.04
PAR 0.05 1.47 0.06
MD 0.10 3.75 0.00
P 0.11 3.95 0.00
VA 0.48 8.72 0.00
PUB 0.03 1.30 0.00
BAN 0.27 4.62 0.03
TRY 0.17 3.15 0.02
D 0.23 4.08 0.00
M 0.10 2.21 0.06
U 0.33 6.12 0.02
DIG 0.46 7.51 0.00
MAN 0.09 3.56 0.04
ATE 0.26 4.74 0.04

Global estimated parameters

Parameter Estimation Value
β4 0.003
β8 0.052
β14 −0.007
β17 0.031
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