The influence of treated wastewater from the Lodz city agglomeration on the ice regime and water temperature of the Ner river

Agafonova, SA & Frolova, NL 2007, ‘Specific features of ice regime in rivers of the Northern Dvina Basin’, Water Resources, vol. 34, pp. 123–131. AgafonovaSA FrolovaNL 2007 ‘Specific features of ice regime in rivers of the Northern Dvina Basin’ Water Resources 34 123 131 10.1134/S0097807807020029 Search in Google Scholar

Bartnik, A 2019, ‘Main features of the geographical environment of Łódź’ in Atlas Historyczny Miasta Łodzi dla Nauki, Edukacji, Kultury, Gospodarki i Społeczeństwa, [‘Historical Atlas of the City of Łódź for Science, Education, Culture, Economy and Society’], ed. M Koter, Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe, Łódź. BartnikA 2019 ‘Main features of the geographical environment of Łódź’ in Atlas Historyczny Miasta Łodzi dla Nauki, Edukacji, Kultury, Gospodarki i Społeczeństwa, [‘Historical Atlas of the City of Łódź for Science, Education, Culture, Economy and Society’] ed. KoterM Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe Łódź Search in Google Scholar

Beltaos, S & Prowse, T 2009, ‘River-ice hydrology in a shrinking cryosphere’, Hydrological Processes, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 122–144. BeltaosS ProwseT 2009 ‘River-ice hydrology in a shrinking cryosphere’ Hydrological Processes 23 1 122 144 10.1002/hyp.7165 Search in Google Scholar

Bonsall, P, Prowse, TD, Duguay, CR & Lacroix, MP 2005, ‘Impacts of large-scale teleconnections on river-ice duration over Canada’, CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment, 13th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers, Hanover, NH, September 15–16, 2005. BonsallP ProwseTD DuguayCR LacroixMP 2005 ‘Impacts of large-scale teleconnections on river-ice duration over Canada’ CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment, 13th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers Hanover, NH September 15–16, 2005 Search in Google Scholar

Briciu, A-E, Mihăilă, D, Graur, A, Oprea, DI, Prisăcariu, A & Bistricean, PI 2020, ‘Changes in the water temperature of rivers impactedby the urban heat island: Case study of suceava city’, Water, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 1–24. BriciuA-E MihăilăD GraurA OpreaDI PrisăcariuA BistriceanPI 2020 ‘Changes in the water temperature of rivers impactedby the urban heat island: Case study of suceava city’ Water 12 5 1 24 10.3390/w12051343 Search in Google Scholar

Brzezińska, A 2011, ‘Zmiany temperatury ścieków ogólnospławnych na podstawie pomiarów on-line’, [‘Variability of combined wastewater temperature on the basis of on-line measurements’], Inżynieria Ekologiczna, vol. 26, pp. 290–302. BrzezińskaA 2011 ‘Zmiany temperatury ścieków ogólnospławnych na podstawie pomiarów on-line’, [‘Variability of combined wastewater temperature on the basis of on-line measurements’] Inżynieria Ekologiczna 26 290 302 Search in Google Scholar

Burchard, J, Nalewajko, J, Budzyńska, M, Czubla, P, Hereźniak, J, Maksymiuk, Z, Markowski, J, Paturalska-Nowak, E & Skrzypski, J 2002, ‘Sheet I: Łódź's location within the natural structures of Poland and the region’ in ‘The Łódź Atlas’, ed. S Liszewski, Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe, Łódź. Available from: <http://mapa.lodz.pl/mapa/atlas/eng/en-01R.pdf>. [4 April 2020]. BurchardJ NalewajkoJ BudzyńskaM CzublaP HereźniakJ MaksymiukZ MarkowskiJ Paturalska-NowakE SkrzypskiJ 2002 ‘Sheet I: Łódź's location within the natural structures of Poland and the region’ in ‘The Łódź Atlas’ ed. LiszewskiS Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe Łódź Available from: <http://mapa.lodz.pl/mapa/atlas/eng/en-01R.pdf>. [4 April 2020]. Search in Google Scholar

Burn, DH & Hag Elnur, MA 2002, ‘Detection of hydrological trends and variability’, ‘Journal of Hydrology’, vol. 255, no. 1–4, pp. 107–122. BurnDH Hag ElnurMA 2002 ‘Detection of hydrological trends and variability’ ‘Journal of Hydrology’ 255 1–4 107 122 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00514-5 Search in Google Scholar

Cailas, MD, Cavadias, G & Gehr, R 1986, ‘Application of a nonparametric approach for monitoring and detecting trends in water quality data of the St. Lawrence River’, Water Pollution Research Journal of Canada, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 153–167. CailasMD CavadiasG GehrR 1986 ‘Application of a nonparametric approach for monitoring and detecting trends in water quality data of the St. Lawrence River’ Water Pollution Research Journal of Canada 21 2 153 167 10.2166/wqrj.1986.012 Search in Google Scholar

Chiew, FHS & McMahon TA 1993, ‘Detection of trend or change in annual flow of Australian rivers’, International Journal of Climatology, vol. 13, pp. 643–653. ChiewFHS McMahonTA 1993 ‘Detection of trend or change in annual flow of Australian rivers’ International Journal of Climatology 13 643 653 10.1002/joc.3370130605 Search in Google Scholar

Crawford, CG, Slack, JR & Hirsch, RM 1983, ‘Nonparametric tests for trend in water quality data using the statistical analysis system’, Open Report, No. 83–550, U.S. Geological Survey, USA, pp. 1–102. CrawfordCG SlackJR HirschRM 1983 ‘Nonparametric tests for trend in water quality data using the statistical analysis system’ Open Report, No. 83–550 U.S. Geological Survey USA 1 102 10.3133/ofr83550 Search in Google Scholar

Demaree, GR & Nicolis, C 1990, ‘Onset of Sahelian drought viewed as a fluctuation-induced transition’, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 116, pp. 221–238. DemareeGR NicolisC 1990 ‘Onset of Sahelian drought viewed as a fluctuation-induced transition’ Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 116 221 238 10.1002/qj.49711649110 Search in Google Scholar

Douglas, EM, Vogel, RM & Kroll, CN 2000, ‘Trends in floods and low flows in the United States: impact of spatial correlation’, Journal of Hydrology, vol. 240, pp. 90–105. DouglasEM VogelRM KrollCN 2000 ‘Trends in floods and low flows in the United States: impact of spatial correlation’ Journal of Hydrology 240 90 105 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00336-X Search in Google Scholar

EEA, 2012, ‘Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012. An indicator-based report’, EEA Report, No 12/2012, EEA, 21 November 2012, Copenhagen, Denmark. Available from: <https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/climate-impacts-and-vulnerability-2012>. [4 April 2020]. EEA 2012 ‘Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012. An indicator-based report’ EEA Report, No 12/2012, EEA, 21 November 2012 Copenhagen Denmark Available from: <https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/climate-impacts-and-vulnerability-2012>. [4 April 2020]. Search in Google Scholar

Gan, TY 1998, ‘Hydroclimatic trends and possible climatic warming in the Canadian Prairies’, Water Resource Research, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 3009–3015. GanTY 1998 ‘Hydroclimatic trends and possible climatic warming in the Canadian Prairies’ Water Resource Research 34 11 3009 3015 10.1029/98WR01265 Search in Google Scholar

Gebre, SB & Alfredsen, KT 2011, ‘Investigation of river ice regimes in some Norwegian water courses’ in Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, 18–22 September 2011; CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment: Winnipeg, MB, Canada, pp. 1–20. GebreSB AlfredsenKT 2011 ‘Investigation of river ice regimes in some Norwegian water courses’ in Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers Winnipeg, MB, Canada 18–22 September 2011 CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment Winnipeg, MB, Canada 1 20 Search in Google Scholar

Gołek, J 1961, Termika rzek Polskich [Thermal conditions of Polish rivers], Wydawnictwo Komunikacji i Łączności, Warszawa. GołekJ 1961 Termika rzek Polskich [Thermal conditions of Polish rivers] Wydawnictwo Komunikacji i Łączności Warszawa Search in Google Scholar

Graf, R & Wrzesiński, D 2019, ‘Relationship between Water Temperature of Polish Rivers and Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation’, Water, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 2–30. GrafR WrzesińskiD 2019 ‘Relationship between Water Temperature of Polish Rivers and Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation’ Water 11 8 2 30 10.3390/w11081690 Search in Google Scholar

Graf, R 2015, ‘Zmiany termiki wód Warty w profilu łączącym pradolinny i przełomowy odcinek doliny (Nowa Wieś Podgórna – Śrem – Poznań)‘ [‘Variations of the thermal conditions of Warta in the profile connecting the urstromtal and gorge stations of the valley (Nowa Wieś Podgórna – Śrem – Poznań) ’] in Nowe metody i rozwiązania w hydrologii i gospodarce wodnej [‘New methods and solutions in hydrology and water management’], eds D Absalon, M Matysik & M Ruman, Monografie Komisji Hydrologicznej PTG. vol. 3, Katowice, pp. 177–194. GrafR 2015 ‘Zmiany termiki wód Warty w profilu łączącym pradolinny i przełomowy odcinek doliny (Nowa Wieś Podgórna – Śrem – Poznań)‘ [‘Variations of the thermal conditions of Warta in the profile connecting the urstromtal and gorge stations of the valley (Nowa Wieś Podgórna – Śrem – Poznań) ’] in Nowe metody i rozwiązania w hydrologii i gospodarce wodnej [‘New methods and solutions in hydrology and water management’] eds AbsalonD MatysikM RumanM Monografie Komisji Hydrologicznej PTG 3 Katowice 177 194 Search in Google Scholar

Graf, R 2018, ’Uwarunkowania termiczne tworzenia się i utrzymywania pokrywy lodowej na Noteci’ [’Thermal conditions of the formation and persistence of ice cover on the River Noteć’], Prace Geograficzne, vol. 153, no. 153, pp. 25–47. GrafR 2018 ’Uwarunkowania termiczne tworzenia się i utrzymywania pokrywy lodowej na Noteci’ [’Thermal conditions of the formation and persistence of ice cover on the River Noteć’] Prace Geograficzne 153 153 25 47 Search in Google Scholar

Graf, R & Wrzesiński, D, 2020, ’Detecting patterns of changes in river water temperature in Poland’, Water, vol. 12, no. 5. 1–20. GrafR WrzesińskiD 2020 ’Detecting patterns of changes in river water temperature in Poland’ Water 12 5 1 20 10.3390/w12051327 Search in Google Scholar

Hamilton, JP, Whitelaw, GS & Fenech, A 2001, ‘Mean annual temperature and annual precipitation trends at Canadian biosphere reserves’, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 67, pp. 239–275. HamiltonJP WhitelawGS FenechA 2001 ‘Mean annual temperature and annual precipitation trends at Canadian biosphere reserves’ Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 67 239 275 10.1023/A:1006490707949 Search in Google Scholar

Hipel, KW, McLeod, AI & Weiler, RR 1988, ‘Data analysis of water quality time series in Lake Erie’, Water Resource Bulletin, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 533–544. HipelKW McLeodAI WeilerRR 1988 ‘Data analysis of water quality time series in Lake Erie’ Water Resource Bulletin 24 3 533 544 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00903.x Search in Google Scholar

Hirsch, RM & Slack, JR 1984, ‘Non-parametric trend test for seasonal data with serial dependence’, Water Resource Research, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 727–732. HirschRM SlackJR 1984 ‘Non-parametric trend test for seasonal data with serial dependence’ Water Resource Research 20 6 727 732 10.1029/WR020i006p00727 Search in Google Scholar

Hirsch, RM., Slack, JR & Smith, RA 1982, ‘Techniques of trend analysis for monthly water quality data’, Water Resource Research, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 107–121. HirschRM. SlackJR SmithRA 1982 ‘Techniques of trend analysis for monthly water quality data’ Water Resource Research 18 1 107 121 10.3133/ofr81488 Search in Google Scholar

Jokiel, P & Bartnik, A 2020, Ner. Monografia hydrologiczna niekochanej rzeki [Ner. The hydrologic monograph of unloved river], Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź. JokielP BartnikA 2020 Ner. Monografia hydrologiczna niekochanej rzeki [Ner. The hydrologic monograph of unloved river] Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego Łódź Search in Google Scholar

Jokiel, P 2018, ‘Wpływ antropopresji na zmiany przepływu Neru w przekroju Dąbie’ [‘Human impact on the Ner flow changes within Dabie water-gauge cross section’], Prace i Studia Geograficzne, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 103–118. JokielP 2018 ‘Wpływ antropopresji na zmiany przepływu Neru w przekroju Dąbie’ [‘Human impact on the Ner flow changes within Dabie water-gauge cross section’] Prace i Studia Geograficzne 63 3 103 118 Search in Google Scholar

Jokiel, P & Juszczak, K, 1995, ‘Jednorodność wieloletnich serii średnich i średnich niskich przepływów rzek Polski środkowej’, [‘Homogeneity of the multiyear series of mean and mean of the low flows of rivers in central Poland’], Wiadomości IMGW, vol. 1, Warsaw. JokielP JuszczakK 1995 ‘Jednorodność wieloletnich serii średnich i średnich niskich przepływów rzek Polski środkowej’, [‘Homogeneity of the multiyear series of mean and mean of the low flows of rivers in central Poland’] Wiadomości IMGW 1 Warsaw Search in Google Scholar

Kendall, MG 1975, Rank Correlation Methods, Griffin, London. KendallMG 1975 Rank Correlation Methods Griffin London Search in Google Scholar

Klavins, M, Briede, A & Rodinov, V 2009, ‘Long term changes in ice and discharge regime of rivers in the Baltic region in relation to climatic variability’, Climatic Change, vol. 95, pp. 485–498. KlavinsM BriedeA RodinovV 2009 ‘Long term changes in ice and discharge regime of rivers in the Baltic region in relation to climatic variability’ Climatic Change 95 485 498 10.1007/s10584-009-9567-5 Search in Google Scholar

Lettenmaier, DP, Wood, EF & Wallis, JR 1994, ‘Hydroclimatological trends in the continental United States, 1948–88’, Journal of Climate, vol. 7, pp. 586–607. LettenmaierDP WoodEF WallisJR 1994 ‘Hydroclimatological trends in the continental United States, 1948–88’ Journal of Climate 7 586 607 10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007<0586:HCTITC>2.0.CO;2 Search in Google Scholar

Lins, HF & Slack, JR 1999, ‘Streamflow trends in the United States’, Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 227–230. LinsHF SlackJR 1999 ‘Streamflow trends in the United States’ Geophysical Research Letters 26 2 227 230 10.1029/1998GL900291 Search in Google Scholar

Linsley, RK, Kohler, MA & Paulhus, JLH 1975, ‘Applied Hydrology’, McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. LinsleyRK KohlerMA PaulhusJLH 1975 ‘Applied Hydrology’ McGraw-Hill New Delhi Search in Google Scholar

Magnuson, JJ, Robertson, DM, Benson, BJ, Wynne, RH, Livingstone, DM, Arai, T, Assel, RA, Barry, RG, Card, V, Kuusisto, E, Granin, NG, Prowse, TD, Stewart, TD & Vuglinski, VS 2000, ‘Historical trends in lake and river ice cover in the Northern hemisphere’, Science, vol. 289, pp. 1743–1746. MagnusonJJ RobertsonDM BensonBJ WynneRH LivingstoneDM AraiT AsselRA BarryRG CardV KuusistoE GraninNG ProwseTD StewartTD VuglinskiVS 2000 ‘Historical trends in lake and river ice cover in the Northern hemisphere’ Science 289 1743 1746 10.1126/science.289.5485.1743 Search in Google Scholar

Mann, HB 1945, ‘Nonparametric tests against trend’, ‘Econometrica’, vol. 13, pp. 245–259. MannHB 1945 ‘Nonparametric tests against trend’ ‘Econometrica’ 13 245 259 10.2307/1907187 Search in Google Scholar

Marsz, AA & Styczyńska A, 2018, ‘Przebieg temperatury zim na obszarze Polski w latach 1720–2015’ [‘Course of winter temperatures in Poland in the years 1720–2015’], Prace Geograficzne, vol. 155, pp. 85–138. MarszAA StyczyńskaA 2018 ‘Przebieg temperatury zim na obszarze Polski w latach 1720–2015’ [‘Course of winter temperatures in Poland in the years 1720–2015’] Prace Geograficzne 155 85 138 10.4467/20833113PG.18.018.9541 Search in Google Scholar

Marszelewski, W & Pawłowski, W 2019, ‘Long-Term Changes in the Course of Ice Phenomena on the Oder River along the Polish–German Border’, Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 33, no. 15, pp. 5107–5120. MarszelewskiW PawłowskiW 2019 ‘Long-Term Changes in the Course of Ice Phenomena on the Oder River along the Polish–German Border’ Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA) 33 15 5107 5120 10.1007/s11269-019-02417-2 Search in Google Scholar

Marszelewski, W 2010, ‘Wpływ zmian klimatycznych na temperaturę wód powierzchniowych w północnej Polsce’ [‘Impact of the climate change on the surface water temperature in the northern Poland’], Monografie Komitetu Inżynierii Środowiska PAN, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 341–349. MarszelewskiW 2010 ‘Wpływ zmian klimatycznych na temperaturę wód powierzchniowych w północnej Polsce’ [‘Impact of the climate change on the surface water temperature in the northern Poland’] Monografie Komitetu Inżynierii Środowiska PAN 69 2 341 349 Search in Google Scholar

Nilsson, C & Malm Renöfält, B 2008, ‘Linking flow regime and water quality in rivers: a challenge to adaptive catchment management’, Ecology and Society, vol. 13, no. 2, Available from: <http://www.ecologyandsociety.org>. [4 April 2020] NilssonC Malm RenöfältB 2008 ‘Linking flow regime and water quality in rivers: a challenge to adaptive catchment management’ Ecology and Society 13 2 Available from: <http://www.ecologyandsociety.org>. [4 April 2020] 10.5751/ES-02588-130218 Search in Google Scholar

Pawłowski, B 2017, Przebieg zjawisk lodowych dolnej Wisły w latach 1960–2014 [Course of ice phenomena on the Lower Vistula River in 1960–2014], Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu im. Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń. PawłowskiB 2017 Przebieg zjawisk lodowych dolnej Wisły w latach 1960–2014 [Course of ice phenomena on the Lower Vistula River in 1960–2014] Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu im. Mikołaja Kopernika Toruń Search in Google Scholar

Pawłowski, B, Gorączko, M & Szczerbińska, A 2017, ‘Zjawiska lodowe w rzekach Polski’ [‘Ice phenomena in Polish rivers’] in Hydrologia Polski [Hydrology of Poland], eds P Jokiel, W Marszelewski & J Pociask-Karteczka, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa, pp. 195–200. PawłowskiB GorączkoM SzczerbińskaA 2017 ‘Zjawiska lodowe w rzekach Polski’ [‘Ice phenomena in Polish rivers’] in Hydrologia Polski [Hydrology of Poland] eds JokielP MarszelewskiW Pociask-KarteczkaJ Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN Warszawa 195 200 Search in Google Scholar

Prowse, TD 2001, ‘River-ice ecology. II: biological aspects’, Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, vol. 15, pp. 17–33. ProwseTD 2001 ‘River-ice ecology. II: biological aspects’ Journal of Cold Regions Engineering 15 17 33 10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(2001)15:1(17) Search in Google Scholar

Pruppacher, HR & Klett, JD 2010, ‘Equilibrium between water vapor, water, aqueous solutions, and ice in bulk’, in Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, second ed., Springer, Berlin, pp. 100–125. PruppacherHR KlettJD 2010 ‘Equilibrium between water vapor, water, aqueous solutions, and ice in bulk’ in Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation second ed. Springer Berlin 100 125 10.1007/978-0-306-48100-0_4 Search in Google Scholar

Ptak, M & Nowak, B 2017, ‘Zmiany temperatury wody w Prośnie w latach 1965–2014’ [‘Changes in water temperature in Prosna river in 1965–2014’], Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 101–112. PtakM NowakB 2017 ‘Zmiany temperatury wody w Prośnie w latach 1965–2014’ [‘Changes in water temperature in Prosna river in 1965–2014’] Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie 17 3 101 112 Search in Google Scholar

Searcy, JK & Hardison, CH 1960, ‘Double-Mass Curves’, Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper, vol. 1541-B. Available from: <http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/1592>. [4 April 2020]. SearcyJK HardisonCH 1960 ‘Double-Mass Curves’ Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1541-B Available from: <http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/1592>. [4 April 2020]. Search in Google Scholar

Sen, A & Srivastava, M, 1990, ‘Regression Analysis Theory, Methods, and Applications’, Springer-Verlag, New York. SenA SrivastavaM 1990 ‘Regression Analysis Theory, Methods, and Applications’ Springer-Verlag New York 10.1007/978-1-4612-4470-7 Search in Google Scholar

Shen, H, Cunderlik, J, Godin, G, Coombs, A, Rimer, A & Dobrindt, I 2014, ‘Thermal effects of the proposed water reclamation centre discharge on the east Holland river’, Journal of Water Management Modeling, vol. 22, Available from: <https://www.chijournal.org/C366>. [4 April 2020]. ShenH CunderlikJ GodinG CoombsA RimerA DobrindtI 2014 ‘Thermal effects of the proposed water reclamation centre discharge on the east Holland river’ Journal of Water Management Modeling 22 Available from: <https://www.chijournal.org/C366>. [4 April 2020]. 10.14796/JWMM.C366 Search in Google Scholar

Steele, TD, Gilroy, EJ & Hawkinson, RO 1974, ‘Techniques for the assessment of areal and temporal variations in streamflow quality’, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, Washington, D.C SteeleTD GilroyEJ HawkinsonRO 1974 ‘Techniques for the assessment of areal and temporal variations in streamflow quality’ U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Washington, D.C Search in Google Scholar

Takács, K, Kern, Z & Nagy, B 2013, ‘Impacts of anthropogenic effects on river ice regime: Examples from Eastern Central Europe’, Quaternary International, vol. 293, pp. 275–282. TakácsK KernZ NagyB 2013 ‘Impacts of anthropogenic effects on river ice regime: Examples from Eastern Central Europe’ Quaternary International 293 275 282 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.12.010 Search in Google Scholar

Taylor, CH & Loftis, JC 1989, ‘Testing for trend in lake and groundwater quality time series’, ‘Water Resources Bulletin’, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 715–726. TaylorCH LoftisJC 1989 ‘Testing for trend in lake and groundwater quality time series’ ‘Water Resources Bulletin’ 25 4 715 726 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05385.x Search in Google Scholar

van Belle, G & Hughes, JP 1984, ‘Nonparametric tests for trend in water quality’, ‘Water Resource Research’, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 127–136. van BelleG HughesJP 1984 ‘Nonparametric tests for trend in water quality’ ‘Water Resource Research’ 20 1 127 136 10.1029/WR020i001p00127 Search in Google Scholar

Wright S, 1921, ‘Correlation and causation’, ‘Journal of Agricultural Research’ vol. 20, pp. 557–585. WrightS 1921 ‘Correlation and causation’ ‘Journal of Agricultural Research’ 20 557 585 Search in Google Scholar

Wrzesiński, D 2016, ‘Use of entropy in the assessment of uncertainty of river runoff regime in Poland’, Acta Geophysica, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 1825–1839. WrzesińskiD 2016 ‘Use of entropy in the assessment of uncertainty of river runoff regime in Poland’ Acta Geophysica 64 5 1825 1839 10.1515/acgeo-2016-0073 Search in Google Scholar

Yang, X, Pavelsky, TM & Allen, GH 2020, ‘The past and future of global river ice’, Nature, vol. 577, pp. 69–73. YangX PavelskyTM AllenGH 2020 ‘The past and future of global river ice’ Nature 577 69 73 10.1038/s41586-019-1848-1 Search in Google Scholar

Yu, YS, Zou, S & Whittemore, D 1993, ‘Non-parametric trend analysis of water quality data of river in Kansas’, Journal of Hydrology, vol. 150, pp. 61–80. YuYS ZouS WhittemoreD 1993 ‘Non-parametric trend analysis of water quality data of river in Kansas’ Journal of Hydrology 150 61 80 10.1016/0022-1694(93)90156-4 Search in Google Scholar

Yue, S & Hashino, M 2003, ‘Long term trends of annual and monthly precipitation in Japan’, JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 587–596. YueS HashinoM 2003 ‘Long term trends of annual and monthly precipitation in Japan’ JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 3 587 596 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03677.x Search in Google Scholar

Yue, S & Wang, C 2004, ‘The Mann-Kendall Test modified by effective sample size to detect trend in serially correlated hydrological series’, Water Resources Management, vol. 18, pp. 201–218. YueS WangC 2004 ‘The Mann-Kendall Test modified by effective sample size to detect trend in serially correlated hydrological series’ Water Resources Management 18 201 218 10.1023/B:WARM.0000043140.61082.60 Search in Google Scholar

Yue, S & Wang, CY 2002, ‘The applicability of pre-whitening to eliminate the influence of serial correlation on the Mann-Kendall test’, Water Resource Research, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 4–17. YueS WangCY 2002 ‘The applicability of pre-whitening to eliminate the influence of serial correlation on the Mann-Kendall test’ Water Resource Research 38 6 4 17 10.1029/2001WR000861 Search in Google Scholar

Zetterqvist, L 1991, ‘Statistical estimation and interpretation of trends in water quality time series’, Water Resource Research, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1637–1648. ZetterqvistL 1991 ‘Statistical estimation and interpretation of trends in water quality time series’ Water Resource Research 27 8 1637 1648 10.1029/91WR00478 Search in Google Scholar