<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p>Increased geopolitical competition and growing economic nationalism after 2014 have gradually started to slow the trend of liberalization of international trade. Relations among certain national states have turned into trade wars – a hybrid phenomenon shaped at the intersection of geopolitics and geoeconomics. The paper explores global and regional trends in trade regulations introduced by the world's largest economies and, at the same time, its major military powers. The G20 countries’ role in these processes was illustrated through references to empirical data on the dynamics of the introduced trade regulations in 2009–2018. The effectiveness of the regulations index is proposed. Apart from the harm that deepening such negative trends in the global geostrategic balance does to broader bilateral relations, the role of trade wars in re-shaping globalization's established conditions is also discussed.</p>
</abstract>

Increased geopolitical competition and growing economic nationalism after 2014 have gradually started to slow the trend of liberalization of international trade. Relations among certain national states have turned into trade wars – a hybrid phenomenon shaped at the intersection of geopolitics and geoeconomics. The paper explores global and regional trends in trade regulations introduced by the world's largest economies and, at the same time, its major military powers. The G20 countries’ role in these processes was illustrated through references to empirical data on the dynamics of the introduced trade regulations in 2009–2018. The effectiveness of the regulations index is proposed. Apart from the harm that deepening such negative trends in the global geostrategic balance does to broader bilateral relations, the role of trade wars in re-shaping globalization's established conditions is also discussed.

<bold>Trade wars and the changing international order:</bold> a crisis of globalization?

Institute of Social and Economic Geography and Spatial Management

Miscellanea Geographica

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Increased geopolitical competition and growing economic nationalism after 2014 have gradually started to slow the trend of liberalization of international...

Country	Total regulations	Restrictive H	Liberalizing L	Difference in number of regulations [H - L]	Effectiveness of regulations ER, %
China	8 933	6 394	2 539	3 855	43
Germany	9 346	6 340	3 006	3 334	36
USA	9 289	6 136	3 153	2 983	32
Italy	8 824	6 023	2 801	3 222	37
France	8 653	5 856	2 797	3 059	35
United Kingdom	8 240	5 624	2 616	3 008	37
Republic of Korea	8 144	5 529	2 615	2 914	36
Japan	8 109	5 458	2 651	2 807	35
Canada	7 579	5 264	2 315	2 949	39
Mexico	6 485	4 308	2 177	2 131	33
Saudi Arabia	2 391	1 920	1 011	909	38
South Africa	5 109	3 325	1 784	1 541	30
Indonesia	6 269	4 095	2 174	1 921	31
Argentina	4 159	2 708	1 451	1 257	30
Australia	5 777	3 842	1 935	1 907	33
India	7 778	5 147	2 631	2 516	32
Brazil	4 393	4 393	2 179	2 214	50
Turkey	5 440	3 722	1 718	2 004	37
Russia	4 869	3 261	1 608	1 633	34

Country	Total regulations	Restrictive H	Liberalizing L	Difference in number of regulations [H - L]	Effectiveness of regulations ER, %
China	4 781	2 854	1 927	927	19
USA	2 384	2 065	319	1 746	73
Germany	1 950	1 608	342	1 266	65
India	1 352	957	395	562	42
Brazil	1 288	743	545	198	15
Russia	1 170	843	327	519	44
United Kingdom	1 112	770	342	428	38
Argentina	1 078	759	319	440	41
Italy	1 053	716	337	379	36
France	1 027	690	337	353	34
Canada	867	786	81	705	81
Australia	849	356	49	309	36
Japan	682	637	45	592	87
Indonesia	618	403	215	188	30
Turkey	463	335	128	207	45
South Africa	430	268	160	108	25
Saudi Arabia	313	286	27	259	83
Republic of Korea	290	209	81	128	44
Mexico	289	198	91	107	37

Trade wars and the changing international order: a crisis of globalization?

Publicado en línea: 30 abr 2021

Páginas: 99 - 109

Recibido: 03 may 2020

Aceptado: 17 ene 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2020-0051

Palabras clave
Geoeconomics, geopolitics, globalization, G20, trade wars

© 2021 Valentin Mihaylov et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Number of trade regulations introduced by all countries in the world for separate G20 members (2009–2018)

Number of trade regulations introduced by G20 nation states toward all other states in the world (2009–2018)

Trade wars and the changing international order: a crisis of globalization?

Publicado en línea: 30 abr 2021

Páginas: 99 - 109

Recibido: 03 may 2020

Aceptado: 17 ene 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2020-0051

Palabras claveGeoeconomics, geopolitics, globalization, G20, trade wars

© 2021 Valentin Mihaylov et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Number of trade regulations introduced by all countries in the world for separate G20 members (2009–2018)

Number of trade regulations introduced by G20 nation states toward all other states in the world (2009–2018)

Palabras clave
Geoeconomics, geopolitics, globalization, G20, trade wars