Acceso abierto

Gender differences in unsafety perception and precautionary behaviour among adolescents: Case study of a small peripheral town in Slovakia


Cite

Baiden, P., Jahan, N., Onyeaka, H. K., Thrasher, S., Tadeo, S., & Findley, E. (2021). Age at first alcohol use and weapon carrying among adolescents: Findings from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. SSM – Population Health, 15, 100820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100820 Search in Google Scholar

Bastomski, S., & Smith, P. (2017). Gender, fear, and public places: How negative encounters with strangers harm women. Sex Roles, 76(1), 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0654-6 Search in Google Scholar

Basu, S., Zuo, X., Lou, C., Acharya, R., & Lundgren, R. (2017). Learning to be gendered: Gender socialization in early adolescence among urban poor in Delhi, India, and Shanghai, China. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(4), S24–S29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.03.012 Search in Google Scholar

Bhattacharjee, N. (2021). Through the looking glass: Gender socialisation in a primary school. In N. Manjrekar & S. Luthra (Eds.), Gender and education in India: A Reader, 40–52. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003191612 Search in Google Scholar

Bhattacharyya, R. (2015). Understanding the spatialities of sexual assault against Indian women in India. Gender, Place and Culture, 22(9), 1340–1356. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2014.969684 Search in Google Scholar

Blakemore, J. E. O., & Centers, R. E. (2005). Characteristics of boys’ and girls’ toys. Sex Roles, 53(9), 619–633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-7729-0 Search in Google Scholar

Boe, J. L., & Woods, R. J. (2017). Parents’ influence on infants’ gender-typed toy preferences. Sex Roles, 79(5), 358–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0858-4 Search in Google Scholar

Bromley, R. D., & Stacey, R. J. (2012). Feeling unsafe in urban areas: Exploring older children’s geographies of fear. Environment and Planning A, 44(2), 428–444. https://doi.org/10.1068/a44224 Search in Google Scholar

Carver, A., Timperio, A., Hesketh, K., & Crawford, D. (2010). Are children and adolescents less active if parents restrict their physical activity and active transport due to perceived risk? Social Science and Medicine, 70(11), 1799–1805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.02.010 Search in Google Scholar

Ceccato, V., Langefors, L., & Näsman, P. (2021). The impact of fear on young people’s mobility. European Journal of Criminology, 20(2), 486–506. https://doi.org/10.1177/14773708211013299 Search in Google Scholar

Chataway, M. L., & Hart, T. C. (2019). A social-psychological process of “fear of crime” for men and women: Revisiting gender differences from a new perspective. Victims and Offenders, 14(2), 143–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2018.1552221 Search in Google Scholar

Chen, E. S. L., & Rao, N. (2011). Gender socialization in Chinese kindergartens: Teachers’ contributions. Sex Roles, 64(1), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9873-4 Search in Google Scholar

Christian, H., Wood, L., Nathan, A., Kawachi, I., Houghton, S., Martin, K., & McCune, S. (2016a). The association between dog walking, physical activity and owner’s perceptions of safety: Cross-sectional evidence from the US and Australia. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3659-8 Search in Google Scholar

Christian, H. E., Villanueva, K., Klinker, C. D., Knuiman, M. W., Divitini, M., & Giles-Corti, B. (2016b). The effect of siblings and family dog ownership on children’s independent mobility to neighbourhood destinations. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 40(4), 316–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12528 Search in Google Scholar

Clifton, K. J., & Livi, A. D. (2005). Gender differences in walking behavior, attitudes about walking, and perceptions of the environment in three Maryland communities. Research on Women’s Issues in Transportation, 2, 79–88. Search in Google Scholar

Coyne, S., Shawcroft, J., Ruh Linder, J., Graver, H., Siufanua, M., & Holmgren, H. G. (2022). Making men of steel: Superhero exposure and the development of hegemonic masculinity in children. Sex Roles, 86(11), 634–647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-022-01293-2 Search in Google Scholar

Cutt, H., Giles-Corti, B., Knuiman, M., & Burke, V. (2007). Dog ownership, health and physical activity: A critical review of the literature. Health and Place, 13(1), 261–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2006.01.003 Search in Google Scholar

Cutt, H. E., Giles-Corti, B., Wood, L. J., Knuiman, M. W., & Burke, V. (2008). Barriers and motivators for owners walking their dog: Results from qualitative research. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 19(2), 118–124. https://doi.org/10.1071/HE08118 Search in Google Scholar

d’Arbois De Jubainville, H., & Vanier, C. (2017). Women’s avoidance behaviours in public transport in the Ile-de-France region. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 19(3), 183–198. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41300-017-0023-6 Search in Google Scholar

Day, K. (2001). Constructing masculinity and women’s fear in public space in Irvine, California. Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 8(2), 109–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/09663690120050742 Search in Google Scholar

Day, K., Stump, C., & Carreon, D. (2003). Confrontation and loss of control: Masculinity and men’s fear in public space. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(3), 311–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00024-0 Search in Google Scholar

Doran, B. J., & Burgess, M. B. (2011). The Kings Cross Study. In: B. J. Doran, & M. B. Burgess (Eds.), Putting fear of crime on the map: Investigating perceptions of crime using geographic information systems. Springer Science and Business Media. Search in Google Scholar

Eitle, D., & Taylor, J. (2008): Are Hispanics the new ‘Threat’? Minority group threat and fear of crime in Miami-Dade County. Social Science Research, 37(4): 1102−1115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2008.05.005 Search in Google Scholar

Endendijk, J. J. (2022). Welcome to a pink and blue world! An analysis of gender-typed content in birth announcement cards from 1940–2019 in the Netherlands. Sex Roles, 86(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-021-01249-y Search in Google Scholar

Epstein, M., & Ward, L. M. (2011). Exploring parent-adolescent communication about gender: Results from adolescent and emerging adult samples. Sex Roles, 65(1), 108–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9975-7 Search in Google Scholar

Ferraro, K. F. (1996). Women’s fear of victimization: Shadow of sexual assault? Social Forces, 75(2), 667–690. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/75.2.667 Search in Google Scholar

Ferraro, K. F., & LaGrange, R. (1987). The measurement of fear of crime. Sociological inquiry, 57(1), 70–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1987.tb01181.x Search in Google Scholar

Foster, C., Hillsdon, M., & Thorogood, M. (2004). Environmental perceptions and walking in English adults. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 58(11), 924–928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2003.014068 Search in Google Scholar

Fredrikson, M., Annas, P., Fischer, H., & Wik, G. (1996). Gender and age differences in the prevalence of specific fears and phobias. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(1), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(95)00048-3 Search in Google Scholar

Gallimore, J. M., Brown, B. B., & Werner, C. M. (2011). Walking routes to school in new urban and suburban neighborhoods: An environmental walkability analysis of blocks and routes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(2), 184–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.01.001 Search in Google Scholar

Golden, J. C., & Jacoby, J. W. (2018). Playing princess: Preschool girls’ interpretations of gender stereotypes in Disney princess media. Sex Roles, 79(5), 299–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0773-8 Search in Google Scholar

Hale, C. (1996). Fear of crime: A review of the literature. International Review of Victimology, 4, 79–150. https://doi.org/10.1177/026975809600400201 Search in Google Scholar

Hanmer, J., & Saunders, S. (1993). Women, violence and crime prevention: A West Yorkshire study. Avebury. Search in Google Scholar

Hatamzadeh, Y., Habibian, M., & Khodaii, A. (2017). Effective factors in walking mode choice of different age groups for school trips. Transportation Research Procedia, 25, 2297–2308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.441 Search in Google Scholar

Hill, J., & Lynch, M. (1983). The intensification of gender-related role expectations during early adolescence. In J. Brooks-Gunn & A. Petersen (Eds.), Girls at puberty: Biological and psychosocial perspectives (pp. 201–228). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0354-9_10 Search in Google Scholar

Hipp, J. R. (2013): Assessing crime as a problem: The relationship between residents’ perception of crime and official crime rates over 25 years. Crime and Delinquency, 59(4), 616−648. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128710382264 Search in Google Scholar

Hooghe, M., De Vroome, T. (2016): The relation between ethnic diversity and fear of crime: An analysis of police records and survey data in Belgian communities. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 50, 66−75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.11.002 Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, J., & Gouseti, I. (2012). Fear of Crime: An Entry to the Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology. In J. Mitchell Miller (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology, Wiley-Blackwell, Forthcoming, Retrieved from SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2118663 Search in Google Scholar

Jacobsen, S. K. (2021). “More of a girl thing?” Examining the role of gender and campus context in perceptions of risk and the shadow of sexual assault. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37, 15–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211005142 Search in Google Scholar

Jakobi, Á., & Pődör, A. (2020). GIS-based statistical analysis of detecting fear of crime with digital sketch maps: A Hungarian multicity study. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(4), 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9040229 Search in Google Scholar

Johansson, S., & Haandrikman, K. (2021). Gendered fear of crime in the urban context: A comparative multilevel study of women’s and men’s fear of crime. Journal of Urban Affairs, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2021.1923372 Search in Google Scholar

Johansson, K., Hasselberg, M., & Laflamme, L. (2009). Exploring the neighborhood: a web-based survey on the prevalence and determinants of fear among young adolescent girls and boys. International journal of adolescent medicine and health, 21(3), 347–360. https://doi.org/10.1515/IJAMH.2009.21.3.347 Search in Google Scholar

Johansson, K., Laflamme, L., & Eliasson, M. (2010). A gender perspective on adolescents’ perceived safety and security when moving outdoors. Injury Prevention, 16, A230–A230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2010.029215.819 Search in Google Scholar

Johansson, K., Laflamme, L., & Eliasson, M. (2012). Adolescents’ perceived safety and security in public space—A Swedish focus group study with a gender perspective. Young, 20(1), 69–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/110330881102000104 Search in Google Scholar

Juhascíková, I., Skápik, P., & Stukovská, Z. (2012): Základné údaje zo Sčítania obyvateľov, domov a bytov 2011: Obyvateľstvo podľa národnosti. Bratislava: Štatistický úrad Slovenskej republiky, 92 p. Retrieved from http://portal.statistics.sk/files/ev_narodnost_12_7_v12.pdf Search in Google Scholar

Kågesten, A., Gibbs, S., Blum, R. W., Moreau, C., Chandra-Mouli, V., Herbert, A., & Amin, A. (2016). Understanding factors that shape gender attitudes in early adolescence globally: A mixed-methods systematic review. PloS One, 11(6), e0157805. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157805 Search in Google Scholar

Kang, S., & Hust, S. J. (2022). Traditionally and narrowly defined: Gender portrayals in television programming targeting babies and toddlers. Sex Roles, 86(9), 576–586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-022-01286-1 Search in Google Scholar

Kollmayer, M., Schultes, M. T., Schober, B., Hodosi, T., & Spiel, C. (2018). Parents’ judgments about the desirability of toys for their children: Associations with gender role attitudes, gender-typing of toys, and demographics. Sex Roles, 79(5), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0882-4 Search in Google Scholar

Koskela, H. (1997). ‘Bold walk and breakings’: Women’s spatial confidence versus fear of violence. Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 4(3), 301-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/09663699725369 Search in Google Scholar

Krenichyn, K. (2004). Women and physical activity in an urban park: Enrichment and support through an ethic of care. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(1), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00053-7 Search in Google Scholar

Krulichová, E., & Podaná, Z. (2019). Adolescent fear of crime: Testing Ferraro’s risk interpretation model. European Journal of Criminology, 16(6), 746–766. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370818788014 Search in Google Scholar

Kuntsche, E. N., & Klingemann, H. K. H. (2004). Weapon-carrying at Swiss schools? A gender-specific typology in context of victim and offender related violence. Journal of Adolescence, 27(4), 381–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.02.003 Search in Google Scholar

León, C. M., Fikre Butler, L., & Aizpurua, E. (2022). Correlates of fear of victimization among college students in Spain: Gender differences and similarities. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(1–2), NP147– NP175. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520914560 Search in Google Scholar

Levant, R. F., Hall, R. J., & Rankin, T. J. (2013). Male role norms inventory–Short form (MRNI-SF): Development, confirmatory factor analytic investigation of structure, and measurement invariance across gender. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(2), 228. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031545 Search in Google Scholar

Lipowska, K., & Łada-Maśko, A. B. (2021). When parents go shopping: Perspectives on gender-typed toys among polish mothers and fathers from big cities. Children, 8(9), 744. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090744 Search in Google Scholar

Lorenc, D., & Rišová, K. (2022). Unsafety perception of adolescents living on the periphery: a case study in the small town of Želiezovce (Slovakia). Geografická Revue, 18(2), 56–71. https://doi.org/10.24040/GR.2022.18.2.56-71 Search in Google Scholar

Madge, C. (1997). Public parks and the geography of fear. Tijdschrift Voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 88(3), 237–250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.1997.tb01601.x Search in Google Scholar

Mak, B. K., & Jim, C. Y. (2018). Examining fear-evoking factors in urban parks in Hong Kong. Landsc. Urban Plan. 171, 42–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.11.012 Search in Google Scholar

Maruthaveeran, S., & Van den Bosh, C. K. (2015). Fear of crime in urban parks – What the residents of Kuala Lumpur have to say? Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 14(3), 702–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.05.012 Search in Google Scholar

May, D. C., Rader, N. E., & Goodrum, S. (2010). A gendered assessment of the “threat of victimization”: Examining gender differences in fear of crime, perceived risk, avoidance, and defensive behaviors. Criminal Justice Review, 35(2), 159–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016809349166 Search in Google Scholar

McCray, T. M., & Mora, S. (2011). Analyzing the activity spaces of low-income teenagers: How do they perceive the spaces where activities are carried out? J. Urban Aff., 33, 511–528. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2011.00563.x Search in Google Scholar

Mehta, A. (1999). Embodied discourse: On gender and fear of violence. Gend. Place Cult. J. Fem. Geogr., 6, 67–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/09663699925150 Search in Google Scholar

Mesman, J., & Groeneveld, M. G. (2018). Gendered parenting in early childhood: Subtle but unmistakable if you know where to look. Child Development Perspectives, 12(1), 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12250 Search in Google Scholar

Ministerstvo vnútra Slovenskej republiky 2019): Atlas rómskych komunít 2019. (2021, December,19) Retrieved from https://www.minv.sk/?atlas-romskych-komunit-2019 Search in Google Scholar

Molnar, B. E., Roberts, A. L., Browne, A., Gardener, H., & Buka, S. L. (2005). What girls need: recommendations for preventing violence among urban girls in the US. Social science and medicine, 60(10), 2191–2204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.10.015 Search in Google Scholar

Morawska, A. (2020). The effects of gendered parenting on child development outcomes: A systematic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 23(4), 553–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-020-00321-5 Search in Google Scholar

Moreau, C., Li, M., Ahmed, S., Zuo, X., & Cislaghi, B. (2021). Assessing the spectrum of gender norms perceptions in early adolescence: A cross-cultural analysis of the Global Early Adolescent Study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 69(1), S16–S22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.03.010 Search in Google Scholar

Nasar, J., Hecht, P., & Wener, R. (2007). ‘Call if you have trouble’: Mobile phones and safety among college students. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 31(4), 863–873. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00759.x Search in Google Scholar

Oestreich, L., Torres, T. B., & Ruiz-Padillo, A. (2021). Fuzzy analysis of students’ perception of traffic safety in school environments: the case of a small Brazilian city. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 28(2), 255–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2021.1909625 Search in Google Scholar

Osman, R., & Jíchová, J. (2019). “And did he come to pick you up?”: Parental control as an invisible barrier to the spatial behaviour of daughters in distant university cities. Sociální Studia/Social Studies, 16(1), 103–122. https://doi.org/10.5817/SOC2019-1-103 Search in Google Scholar

Pánek, J., Pászto, V., & Šimáček, P. (2018). Spatial and Temporal Comparison of Safety Perception in Urban Spaces. Case Study of Olomouc, Opava and Jihlava. In I. Ivan, J. Horák, & T. Inspektor (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography: Dynamics in GIscience (p. 333–346). Springer International Publishing. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61297-3_24 Search in Google Scholar

Pánek, J., Ivan, I., & Macková, L. (2019). Comparing residents’ fear of crime with recorded crime data—Case study of Ostrava, Czech Republic. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 8(9), 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8090401 Search in Google Scholar

Panelli, R., Kraack, A., & Little, J. (2005). Claiming space and community: Rural women’s strategies for living with, and beyond, fear. Geoforum, 36(4), 495–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2004.08.002 Search in Google Scholar

Quillian, L., & Pager, D. (2001): Black neighbors, higher crime? The role of racial stereotypes in evaluations of neighborhood crime. American Journal of Sociology, 107: 717−767. https://doi.org/10.1086/338938 Search in Google Scholar

Ratnayake, R. (2017). Sense of safety in public spaces: University student safety experiences in an Australian regional city. Rural Society, 26(1), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/10371656.2017.1284616 Search in Google Scholar

Reese, L. E., Vera, E. M., Thompson, K., & Reyes, R. (2001). A qualitative investigation of perceptions of violence risk factors in low-income African American children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30(1), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3002_4 Search in Google Scholar

Reich, S. M., Black, R. W., & Foliaki, T. (2018). Constructing difference: Lego® set narratives promote stereotypic gender roles and play. Sex Roles, 79(5), 285–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0868-2 Search in Google Scholar

Rišová, K. (2021). Questioning gender stereotypes: A case study of adolescents walking activity space in a small Central European city. Journal of Transport Geography, 91, 102970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.102970 Search in Google Scholar

Rišová, K., & Sládeková Madajová, M. (2020). Gender differences in a walking environment safety perception: A case study in a small town of Banská Bystrica (Slovakia). Journal of Transport Geography, 85, 102723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102723 Search in Google Scholar

Sandberg, L., & Coe, A. B. (2020). Taking back the Swedish night: making and reclaiming space. Gender, Place and Culture, 27(7), 1044-–1062. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2019.1693339 Search in Google Scholar

Sandberg, L., & Rönnblom, M. (2013). Afraid and restricted vs bold and equal: Women’s fear of violence and gender equality discourses in Sweden. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 20(2), 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/13505068124639 Search in Google Scholar

Skår, M. (2010). Forest dear forest fear: Dwellers’ relationship to their neighbourhood forest. Landscape and Urban Planing, 98, 110–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.07.017 Search in Google Scholar

Soltani, A., & Zamiri, M. (2011). Investigation of school students’ travel patterns, two case areas of Mashhad, Iran. Mod. Appl. Sci., 5(5). https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v5n5p184 Search in Google Scholar

Soto, J., Orozco-Fontalvo, M., & Useche, S. A. (2022). Public transportation and fear of crime at BRT Systems: Approaching to the case of Barranquilla (Colombia) through integrated choice and latent variable models. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 155, 142–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.11.001 Search in Google Scholar

Stanko, E. (1990). When precaution is normal: A feminist critique of crime prevention. In L. Gelsthorpe & A. Morris (Eds.), Feminist perspectives in criminology. Open University Press. Search in Google Scholar

Stark, J., & Meschik, M. (2018). Women’s everyday mobility: Frightening situations and their impacts on travel behaviour. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 54, 311–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.02.017 Search in Google Scholar

Sutton, R. M., & Farrall, S. (2005). Gender, socially desirable responding and the fear of crime: Are women really more anxious about crime? British Journal of Criminology, 45(2), 212–224. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azh084 Search in Google Scholar

Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (2023). Stock and Change of the Population – Municipalities. Permanently living population on 31 December (Person). https://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/vbd_dem/om7010rr/v_om7010rr_00_00_00_en Search in Google Scholar

Tandogan, O., & Ilhan, B. S. (2016). Fear of crime in public spaces: From the view of women living in cities. Procedia Engineering, 161, 2011–2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.795 Search in Google Scholar

Van der Burgt, D. (2015). Spatial avoidance or spatial confidence? Young people’s agency in the active negotiation of risk and safety in public space. Children’s Geographies, 13(2), 181–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2013.828455 Search in Google Scholar

Van Der Burgt, D. (2008). How children place themselves and others in local space. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 90(3), 257–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0467.2008.291.x Search in Google Scholar

Vozmediano, L., San-Juan, C., Vergara, A. I., & Alonso-Alberca, N. (2017). “Watch out, sweetie”: The impact of gender and offence type on parents’ altruistic fear of crime. Sex Roles, 77(9), 676–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0758-7 Search in Google Scholar

eISSN:
2199-6202
Idioma:
Inglés
Calendario de la edición:
4 veces al año
Temas de la revista:
Business and Economics, Business Management, Industries, Environmental Management, Geosciences, Geography