Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from humans and pets – a comparison of drug resistance and risk factors associated with colonisation

Prevalence in isolates from human, cat and dog swabs of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedious (MSSP) and methicillin-resistant S_ pseudintermedius (MRSP) strains, chi-squared test of independence and odds ratio (OR) for the determinants of MRSP

Variable	MSSP (n (%)1)	MRSP (n (%)1)	OR	95% OR	P-value
Species
Human	1 (0.7)	6 (21.4)
Cat	9 (6.6)	8 (28.6)	0.15	0.01–1.51	0.107
Dog	127 (92.7)	14 (50.0)	0.02	0.01–0.16	<0.001
Clinical symptom
Conjunctivitis	20 (14.7)	7 (35.0)	3.12	1.11–9.78	0.025
Inflammation of the ear canal	23 (16.9)	3 (15.0)	0.87	0.23–3.20	0.830
Rhinitis	6 (4.4)	5 (25.0)	7.22	1.96–26.54	<0.001
Dermatitis/wounds	37 (27.2)	6 (30.0)	1.15	0.41–3.21	0.794
Other clinical symptoms	15 (11.0)	6 (30.0)	3.46	1.15–10.35	0.020
Medical history
Treatment given to a human2	84 (63.2)	23 (92.0)	6.71	1.52–29.68	0.005
Antibiotics2	21 (28.0)	15 (71.4)	6.43	2.20–18.79	<0.001
Treatment given to the animal 3	59 (44.4)	16 (80.0)	5.02	1.59–15.81	0.003
Occupational risk
Medical studies4	0 (0)	1 (3.8)	0.16	0.11–0.23	0.024
Veterinary studies4	4 (3.0)	4 (15.4)	5.82	1.35–24.99	0.009
Origin of animals kept at home
Commercial breeder	13 (92.9)	7 (53.8)	0.09	0.01–0.90	0.021
Adopted from the street	4 (28.6)	1 (7.7)	0.21	0.02–2.18	0.163
Adopted from another source5	1 (7.1)	6 (46.2)	11.14	1.11–112.01	0.021
Factor associated with the animal
Cat with outdoor access	6 (66.7)	0 (0)	0.04	0.01–0.97	0.010

Prevalence in isolates from human, cat and dog swabs of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S_ aureus (MRSA) strains, chi-squared test of independence and odds ratio (OR) for the determinants of MRSA

Variable	MSSA (n (%)1)	MRSA (n (%)1)	OR	95% OR	P-value
Species
Human	1 (0.7)	6 (21.4)
Cat	9 (6.6)	8 (28.6)	1.45	0.56-3.73	0.443
Dog	127 (92.7)	14 (50.0)	1.16	0.36–3.75	0.806
Medical history
Treatment given to a human2	65 (48.5)	16 (50.0)	1.06	0.49–2.30	0.879
Antibiotics2	35 (27.6)	12 (41.4)	1.85	0.80–4.28	0.143
Factors associated with the animal
Antibiotics3	40 (42.6)	5 (17.2)	0.28	0.10–0.80	0.013
Cat with outdoor access	6 (75.0)	2 (50.0)	0.33	0.03–4.19	0.547

Frequency of Staphylococcus aureus and S_ pseudintermedius strains by swabbed locationand host species

	Location	Human (n1 = 155)	Cat (n1 = 28)	Dog (n1 = 19)
S. aureus	oral cavity	47 (30.3%)	10 (35.7%)	4 (21.1%)
	nasal vestibule	68 (43.8%)	10 (35.7%)	7 (36.8%)
	conjunctival sac	not applicable	4 (14.3%)	2 (10.5%)
	ear2	24 (15.5%)	1 (3.6%)	1 (5.3%)
	skin in the elbow flexure	16 (10.3%)	not applicable	not applicable
	skin in the groin	not applicable	2 (7.1%)	2 (10.5%)
	anus	not applicable	0	1 (5.3%)
	wound	not applicable	1 (3.6%)	2 (10.5%)
	Location	Human (n1 = 7)	Cat (n1 = 17)	Dog (n1 = 141)
S. pseudintermedius	oral cavity	0	3 (17.6%)	29 (20.6%)
	nasal vestibule	3 (42.9%)	5 (29.4%)	26 (18.4%)
	conjunctival sac	not applicable	4 (23.5%)	23 (16.3%)
	ear2	1 (14.2%)	2 (11.8%)	17 (12.1%)
	skin in the elbow flexure	3 (42.9%)	not applicable	not applicable
	skin in the groin	not applicable	2 (11.8%)	17 (12.1%)
	anus	not applicable	1 (5.9%)	26 (18.4%)
	wound	not applicable	0	3 (2.1%)

The incidence in isolates from human, cat and dog swabs of Staphylococcus aureus and S_ pseudintermedius strains resistant to selected antimicrobial chemotherapeutics

Substance	S. aureus (n1 = 202)	S. pseudintermedius (n1 = 165)
	Resistance	Resistance
AMP	126 (62.4%)	105 (63.6%)
AMC	57 (28.2%)	13 (7.9%)
PG	124 (61.4%)	118 (71.5%)
FD	4 (2.0%)	1 (0.6%)
MUP	7 (3.5%)	0 (0%)
GM	1 (0.5%)	22 (13.3%)
CIP	10 (5.0%)	18 (10.9%)
OX/FOX*	9 (4.5%)	20 (12.1%)
LZD	2 (1.0%)	0 (0%)
MAR	10 (5.0%)	18 (10.9%)
DA	11 (5.4%)	68 (41.2%)
C	4 (2.0%)	39 (23.6%)
RD	3 (1.5%)	0 (0%)
TOB	1 (0.5%)	9 (5.5%)
E	59 (29.2%)	68 (41.2%)

Frequency distribution of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus strains at the genotypic and phenotypic level by host species

Analysis level	Species	Not MDR	MDR	P-value2
Genotypic (n1 = 192)	human	101 (68.2%)	47 (31.8%)	0.553
	cat	17 (65.4%)	9 (34.6%)
	dog	10 (55.6%)	8 (44.4%)
Phenotypic (n1 = 202)	human	144 (92.9%)	11 (7.1%)	0.788
	cat	25 (96.2%)	1 (3.8%)
	dog	19 (90.5%)	2 (9.5%)

Frequency distribution of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains at the genotypic and phenotypic level by host species

Analysis level	Species	Not MDR	MDR	P-value1
Genotypic (n = 165)	human	4 (57.1%)	3 (42.9%)	0.025
	cat	3 (17.6%)	14 (82.4%)
	dog	73 (51.8%)	68 (48.2%)
Phenotypic (n = 165)	human	4 (57.2%)	3 (42.8%)	0.939
	cat	9 (52. 9%)	8 (47.1%)
	dog	83 (58.9%)	58 (41.1%)

Frequency of occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and S_ pseudintermedius strains carrying a given resistance gene in isolates from human, cat and dog swabs

Gene	Carriage rate
	S. aureus (n1 = 192)	S. pseudintermedius (n1 = 165)
mecA2	17 (8.7%)	24 (14.5%)
mecC2	8 (4.1%)	5 (3.0%)
blaZ	153 (79.7%)	139 (84.2%)
tet[L]	0 (0%)	8 (4.8%)
tet[K]	14 (7.3%)	44 (26.7%)
tet[O]	11 (5.7%)	1 (0.6%)
tet[M]	102 (53.1%)	88 (53.3%)
ermA	57 (29.7%)	17 (10.3%)
ermB	44 (22.9%)	63 (38.2%)
ermC	9 (4.7%)	10 (6.1%)
aac (6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia	9 (4.7%)	31 (18.8%)
mupA	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
vanA	24 (12.5%)	21 (12.7%)
vanB	6 (3.1%)	5 (3.0%)
fusB2	6 (3.1%)	1 (0.6%)