The perfusion index as a method of assessing epidural anaesthesia efficacy in healthy dogs

1. Doyle C.R., Riccó Pereira C.H., Wanstrath A.W., Lerche P., Aarnes T.K., Bednarski R.M., Werre S.R.: Evaluation of perfusion index as a noninvasive tool to determine epidural anesthesia effectiveness in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2021, 48, 782–788, doi: 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.06.011. Doyle C.R. Riccó Pereira C.H. Wanstrath A.W. Lerche P. Aarnes T.K. Bednarski R.M. Werre S.R. : Evaluation of perfusion index as a noninvasive tool to determine epidural anesthesia effectiveness in dogs . Vet Anaesth Analg 2021 , 48 , 782 – 788 , doi: 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.06.011 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

2. Freire C.D., Torres M.L., Fantoni D.T., Cavalcanti R.L., Noel-Morgan J.: Bupivacaine 0.25% and methylene blue spread with epidural anesthesia in dog. Vet Anaesth Analg 2010, 37, 63–69, doi: 10.1111/j. 1467-2995.2009.00493.x. Freire C.D. Torres M.L. Fantoni D.T. Cavalcanti R.L. Noel-Morgan J. : Bupivacaine 0.25% and methylene blue spread with epidural anesthesia in dog . Vet Anaesth Analg 2010 , 37 , 63 – 69 , doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00493.x . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

3. Gatson B.J., Garcia-Pereira F.L., James M., Carrera-Justiz S., Lewis D.D.: Use of a perfusion index to confirm the presence of sciatic nerve blockade in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2016, 43, 662–669, doi: 10.1111/vaa.12378. Gatson B.J. Garcia-Pereira F.L. James M. Carrera-Justiz S. Lewis D.D. : Use of a perfusion index to confirm the presence of sciatic nerve blockade in dogs . Vet Anaesth Analg 2016 , 43 , 662 – 669 , doi: 10.1111/vaa.12378 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

4. Ginosar Y., Weiniger C.F., Meroz Y., Kurz V., Bdolah-Abram T., Babchenko A., Nitzan M., Davidson E.M.: Pulse oximeter perfusion index as an early indicator of sympathectomy after epidural anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009, 53, 1018–1026, doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.01968.x. Ginosar Y. Weiniger C.F. Meroz Y. Kurz V. Bdolah-Abram T. Babchenko A. Nitzan M. Davidson E.M. : Pulse oximeter perfusion index as an early indicator of sympathectomy after epidural anesthesia . Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009 , 53 , 1018 – 1026 , doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.01968.x . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

5. Goldman J.M., Petterson M.T., Kopotic R.J., Barker S.J.: Masimo signal extraction pulse oximetry. J Clin Monit Comput 2000, 16, 475–483, doi: 10.1023/a:1011493521730. Goldman J.M. Petterson M.T. Kopotic R.J. Barker S.J. : Masimo signal extraction pulse oximetry . J Clin Monit Comput 2000 , 16 , 475 – 483 , doi: 10.1023/a:1011493521730 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

6. Heath R.B.: Lumbosacral epidural management. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1992, 22, 417–419, doi: 10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50655-6. Heath R.B. : Lumbosacral epidural management . Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1992 , 22 , 417 – 419 , doi: 10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50655-6 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

7. Jones R.S.: Epidural analgesia in the dog and cat. Vet J 2001, 161, 123–131, doi: 10.1053/tvjl.2000.0528. Jones R.S. : Epidural analgesia in the dog and cat . Vet J 2001 , 161 , 123 – 131 , doi: 10.1053/tvjl.2000.0528 . Open DOI

8. Kapral S., Greher M., Huber G., Willschke H., Kettner S., Kdolsky R., Marhofer P.: Ultrasonographic guidance improves the success rate of interscalene brachial plexus blockade. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2008, 33, 253–258, doi: 10.1016/j.rapm.2007.10.011. Kapral S. Greher M. Huber G. Willschke H. Kettner S. Kdolsky R. Marhofer P. : Ultrasonographic guidance improves the success rate of interscalene brachial plexus blockade . Reg Anesth Pain Med 2008 , 33 , 253 – 258 , doi: 10.1016/j.rapm.2007.10.011 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

9. Magides A.D., Sprigg A., Richmond M.N.: Lumbar epidurography with multi-orifice and single orifice epidural catheters. Anaesthesia 1996, 51, 757–763, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1996.tb07891.x. Magides A.D. Sprigg A. Richmond M.N. : Lumbar epidurography with multi-orifice and single orifice epidural catheters . Anaesthesia 1996 , 51 , 757 – 763 , doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1996.tb07891.x . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

10. Mathews K., Kronen P.W., Lascelles D., Nolan A., Robertson S., Steagall P.V., Wright B., Yamashita K.: Guidelines for recognition, assessment and treatment of pain. J Small Anim Pract 2014, 55, E10–E68, doi: 10.1111/jsap.12200. Mathews K. Kronen P.W. Lascelles D. Nolan A. Robertson S. Steagall P.V. Wright B. Yamashita K. : Guidelines for recognition, assessment and treatment of pain . J Small Anim Pract 2014 , 55 , E10 – E68 , doi: 10.1111/jsap.12200 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

11. Michael S., Richmond M.N., Birks R.J.: A comparison between open-end (single hole) and closed-end (three lateral holes) epidural catheters. Complications and quality of sensory blockade. Anaesthesia 1989, 44, 578–580, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1989.tb11446.x. Michael S. Richmond M.N. Birks R.J. : A comparison between open-end (single hole) and closed-end (three lateral holes) epidural catheters . Complications and quality of sensory blockade. Anaesthesia 1989 , 44 , 578 – 580 , doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1989.tb11446.x . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

12. Sebastiani A., Philippi L., Boehme S., Closhen D., Schmidtmann I., Scherhag A., Markstaller K., Engelhard K., Pestel G.: Perfusion index and plethysmographic variability index in patients with interscalene nerve catheters. Can J Anaesth 2012, 59, 1095–1101, doi: 10.1007/s12630-012-9796-3. Sebastiani A. Philippi L. Boehme S. Closhen D. Schmidtmann I. Scherhag A. Markstaller K. Engelhard K. Pestel G. : Perfusion index and plethysmographic variability index in patients with interscalene nerve catheters . Can J Anaesth 2012 , 59 , 1095 – 1101 , doi: 10.1007/s12630-012-9796-3 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

13. Spence B.C., Beach M.L., Gallagher J.D., Sites B.D.: Ultrasound-guided interscalene blocks: understanding where to inject the local anaesthetic. Anaesthesia 2011, 66, 509–514, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06712.x. Spence B.C. Beach M.L. Gallagher J.D. Sites B.D. : Ultrasound-guided interscalene blocks: understanding where to inject the local anaesthetic . Anaesthesia 2011 , 66 , 509 – 514 , doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06712.x . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

14. Spiegel J.E., Vasudevan A., Li Y., Hess P.E.: A randomized prospective study comparing two flexible epidural catheters for labour analgesia. Br J Anaesth 2009, 103, 400–405, doi: 10.1093/bja/aep174. Spiegel J.E. Vasudevan A. Li Y. Hess P.E. : A randomized prospective study comparing two flexible epidural catheters for labour analgesia . Br J Anaesth 2009 , 103 , 400 – 405 , doi: 10.1093/bja/aep174 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

15. Stevens M.F., Werdehausen R., Hermanns H., Lipfert P.: Skin temperature during regional anesthesia of the lower extremity. Anesth Analg 2006, 102, 1247–1251, doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000198627.16144.77. Stevens M.F. Werdehausen R. Hermanns H. Lipfert P. : Skin temperature during regional anesthesia of the lower extremity . Anesth Analg 2006 , 102 , 1247 – 1251 , doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000198627.16144.77 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

16. Troncy E., Junot S., Keroack S., Sammut V., Pibarot P., Genevois J.P., Cuvelliez S.: Results of preemptive epidural administration of morphine with or without bupivacaine in dogs and cats undergoing surgery: 265 cases (1997–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002, 221, 666–672, doi: 10.2460/javma.2002.221.666. Troncy E. Junot S. Keroack S. Sammut V. Pibarot P. Genevois J.P. Cuvelliez S. : Results of preemptive epidural administration of morphine with or without bupivacaine in dogs and cats undergoing surgery: 265 cases (1997–1999) . J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002 , 221 , 666 – 672 , doi: 10.2460/javma.2002.221.666 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

17. Vashishth S., Nandal N., Kaur K., Kadian Y.S., Johar S., Kaur S., Bhardwaj M., Mahor V.: Evaluation of perfusion index as a predictor of successful caudal block in pediatric patients: A prospective randomized study. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2024, 40, 108–113, doi: 10.4103/joacp.joacp_228_22. Vashishth S. Nandal N. Kaur K. Kadian Y.S. Johar S. Kaur S. Bhardwaj M. Mahor V. : Evaluation of perfusion index as a predictor of successful caudal block in pediatric patients: A prospective randomized study . J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2024 , 40 , 108 – 113 , doi: 10.4103/joacp.joacp_228_22 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

18. Yokoyama M., Hanazaki M., Fujii H., Mizobuchi S., Nakatsuka H., Takahashi T., Matsumi M., Takeuchi M., Morita K.: Correlation between the distribution of contrast medium and the extent of blockade during epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2004, 100, 1504–1510, doi: 10.1097/00000542-200406000-00024. Yokoyama M. Hanazaki M. Fujii H. Mizobuchi S. Nakatsuka H. Takahashi T. Matsumi M. Takeuchi M. Morita K. : Correlation between the distribution of contrast medium and the extent of blockade during epidural anesthesia . Anesthesiology 2004 , 100 , 1504 – 1510 , doi: 10.1097/00000542-200406000-00024 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar